Curing epoxy with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) surface-functionalized Co Fe3-O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Jouyandeh, Maryam; Ganjali, Mohammad Reza; Ali, Jagar A.; Aghazadeh, Mustafa; Karimzadeh, Isa; Formela, Krzysztof; Colom, X.; Cañavate, Javier; Saeb, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2019.105248

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…As shown in Figure 1 , surface functionalization of Co-doped MNPs with different molecules posed different effects on the cure state of epoxy. For instance, the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as surface modifier for Co-doped MNPs makes the cure Good [ 29 ]. On the other hand, Poor cure state is obtained in the case of epoxy containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC) functionalized Co-doped MNPs [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk-Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Developing Highly-Crosslinked Polymer Nanocomposites

et al. 2020

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Surface modification of nanoparticles with functional molecules has become a routine method to compensate for diffusion-controlled crosslinking of thermoset polymer composites at late stages of crosslinking, while bulk modification has not carefully been discussed. In this work, a highly-crosslinked model polymer nanocomposite based on epoxy and surface-bulk functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was developed. MNPs were synthesized electrochemically, and then polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface-functionalized (PEG-MNPs) and PEG-functionalized cobalt-doped (Co-PEG-MNPs) particles were developed and used in nanocomposite preparation. Various analyses including field-emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were employed in characterization of surface and bulk of PEG-MNPs and Co-PEG-MNPs. Epoxy nanocomposites including the aforementioned MNPs were prepared and analyzed by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study their curing potential in epoxy/amine system. Analyses based on Cure Index revealed that incorporation of 0.1 wt.% of Co-PEG-MNPs into epoxy led to Excellent cure at all heating rates, which uncovered the assistance of bulk modification of nanoparticles to the crosslinking of model epoxy nanocomposites. Isoconversional methods revealed higher activation energy for the completely crosslinked epoxy/Co-PEG-MNPs nanocomposite compared to the neat epoxy. The kinetic model based on isoconversional methods was verified by the experimental rate of cure reaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bulk-Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Developing Highly-Crosslinked Polymer Nanocomposites

et al. 2020

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“…According to the conversion–time curves, increasing the heating rates from 2 to 10 °C∙min −1 accelerates the epoxide ring-opening curing reaction. By enhancing the molecules’ motion and raising the number of collisions in the epoxy/amine systems due to the higher kinetic energy per molecule at higher heating rates, the curing reaction is completed in a shorter time for all samples [ 39 ]. As demonstrated in Figure 7 , the epoxy nanocomposite consisting of Mg-Al-CO 3 -HA showed a higher curing rate at all heating rates and took less time for the reaction with respect to the two other samples, which is due to the incomplete curing of the EP/Mg-Al-CO 3 -HA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Cross-Linking Reaction of Epoxy Resin with Hydroxyapatite-Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxides

et al. 2020

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The cure kinetics analysis of thermoset polymer composites gives useful information about their properties. In this work, two types of layered double hydroxide (LDH) consisting of Mg2+ and Zn2+ as divalent metal ions and CO32− as an anion intercalating agent were synthesized and functionalized with hydroxyapatite (HA) to make a potential thermal resistant nanocomposite. The curing potential of the synthesized nanoplatelets in the epoxy resin was then studied, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in terms of the Cure Index as well as using isoconversional methods, working on the basis of nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used along with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to characterize the obtained LDH structures. The FTIR band at 3542 cm−1 corresponded to the O–H stretching vibration of the interlayer water molecules, while the weak band observed at 1640 cm−1 was attributed to the bending vibration of the H–O of the interlayer water. The characteristic band of carbonated hydroxyapatite was observed at 1456 cm−1. In the XRD patterns, the well-defined (00l) reflections, i.e., (003), (006), and (110), supported LDH basal reflections. Nanocomposites prepared at 0.1 wt % were examined for curing potential by the Cure Index as a qualitative criterion that elucidated a Poor cure state for epoxy/LDH nanocomposites. Moreover, the curing kinetics parameters including the activation energy (Eα), reaction order, and the frequency factor were computed using the Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. The evolution of Eα confirmed the inhibitory role of the LDH in the crosslinking reactions. The average value of Eα for the neat epoxy was 54.37 kJ/mol based on the KAS method, whereas the average values were 59.94 and 59.05 kJ/mol for the epoxy containing Zn-Al-CO3-HA and Mg Zn-Al-CO3-HA, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that the developed LDH structures hindered the epoxy curing reactions.

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“…The cure study of epoxy containing 0D spherical cobalt doped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles revealed that the amount of heat of cure of nanocomposite was significantly higher than that for the neat epoxy system due to the catalytic effect of nanoparticles [10]. In another study, surface modification of cobalt doped Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid enhanced the curability of epoxy nanocomposite because of the reaction between the carboxylic acid anchored to the surface of particles and the epoxide rings [11]. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicated that epoxy nanocomposite containing Ni-Al-NO 3 2D layered double hydroxide platelet-like nanoparticles increased the cross-link density of network compared to the unfilled epoxy due to the reaction of nitrate anion with epoxide ring [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surface Treatment of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) on the Kinetics of Epoxy Resin Cure with Amines

et al. 2020

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The epoxy/clay nanocomposites have been extensively considered over years because of their low cost and excellent performance. Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are unique 1D natural nanofillers with a hollow tubular shape and high aspect ratio. To tackle poor dispersion of the pristine halloysite (P-HNT) in the epoxy matrix, alkali surface-treated HNT (A-HNT) and epoxy silane functionalized HNT (F-HNT) were developed and cured with epoxy resin. Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on epoxy nanocomposites containing 0.1 wt.% of P-HNT, A-HNT, and F-HNT. Quantitative analysis of the cure kinetics of epoxy/amine system made by isoconversional Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Friedman methods made possible calculation of the activation energy (Eα) as a function of conversion (α). The activation energy gradually increased by increasing α due to the diffusion-control mechanism. However, the average value of Eα for nanocomposites was lower comparably, suggesting autocatalytic curing mechanism. Detailed assessment revealed that autocatalytic reaction degree, m increased at low heating rate from 0.107 for neat epoxy/amine system to 0.908 and 0.24 for epoxy/P-HNT and epoxy/A-HNT nanocomposites, respectively, whereas epoxy/F-HNT system had m value of 0.072 as a signature of dominance of non-catalytic reactions. At high heating rates, a similar behavior but not that significant was observed due to the accelerated gelation in the system. In fact, by the introduction of nanotubes the mobility of curing moieties decreased resulting in some deviation of experimental cure rate values from the predicted values obtained using KAS and Friedman methods.

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Curing epoxy with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) surface-functionalized Co Fe3-O4 magnetic nanoparticles

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Bulk-Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Developing Highly-Crosslinked Polymer Nanocomposites

Bulk-Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Developing Highly-Crosslinked Polymer Nanocomposites

Kinetics of Cross-Linking Reaction of Epoxy Resin with Hydroxyapatite-Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxides

Effect of Surface Treatment of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) on the Kinetics of Epoxy Resin Cure with Amines

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