Curing Mechanism of Phenolic Resin Binder for Oxide-Carbon Refractories

Zhang, Jiu; Mei, Guohui; Xie, Zhi; Zhao, Shumao

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2015-260

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…From the DTG plots, there are two prominent peaks for both resins; the first peak lies in the temperature range of 100-130 C while the second lies in the range 460-550 C. The first peak is due to the curing reaction, while the second peak is due to the decomposition of the phenolic resin leaving behind a carbonaceous residue. [36][37][38] According to De Souza et al, 37 there are no significant molecular size changes up to 350 C; only small molecular bridge transformations occur because of the release of volatile free molecules, notably water and phenol. As the curing reaction started, the increase in these activated volatile free molecules gave rise to the monotonic increase in the DTG curve until it got to the maximum temperature of 100-130 C for both phenolic resoles.…”

Section: Thermal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This difference would have been eliminated with the evaporation of the solvents in the resins during the prior curing process of the as-received phenolic resin. Above roughly 350 C, new volatile substances are released, indicating the beginning of a dehydrationcondensation reaction 38 during which molecular degradation starts, giving rise to a reduced molecular mass of the phenolic resin. Volatiles such as H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , H 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 6 , phenol, and its methyl derivatives are released, which takes place in the temperature range of 350-800 C during pyrolysis of the phenolic resin.…”

Section: Thermal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of microfillers addition on the flexural properties of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic composites

Abdulganiyu

Oguocha

Odeshi

2021

Journal of Composite Materials

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The effects of microfiller addition on the flexural properties of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic (CFRP) matrix composites were investigated. The CFRP was produced using colloidal silica and silicon carbide (SiC) microfillers, 2 D woven carbon fibers, and two variants of phenolic resole (HRJ-15881 and SP-6877). The resins have the same phenol and solid content but differ in their viscosities and HCHO (formaldehyde) content. The weight fractions of microfillers incorporated into the phenolic matrix are 0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2 wt.%. Flexural properties were determined using a three-point bending test and the damage evolution under flexural loading was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the reinforcement of phenolic resins with carbon fibers increased the flexural strength of the HRJ-15881 and SP-6877 by 508% and 909%, respectively. The flexural strength of the CFRP composites further increased with the addition of SiC particles up to 1 wt.% SiC but decreased with further increase in the amount of SiC particles. On the other hand, the flexural modulus of the CFRP composites generally decreased with the addition of SiC microfiller. Both the flexural strength and flexural modulus of the CFRP did not improve with the addition of colloidal silica particles. The decrease in flexural properties is caused by the agglomeration of the microfillers, with colloidal silica exhibiting more tendency for agglomeration than SiC. The fractured surfaces revealed fiber breakage, matrix cracking, and delamination under flexural loading. The tendency for failure worsened at microfiller addition of ≥1.5 wt.%.

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Section: Thermal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of microfillers addition on the flexural properties of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic composites

Abdulganiyu

Oguocha

Odeshi

2021

Journal of Composite Materials

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“…Figure 1b shows the TGA results from tests with a temperature increase of 10 K/min up to 1000°C. The mass loss of FRP 1 shows an expected behaviour, with a high mass loss rate from degradation of the phenolic resin between 400 and 600°C [37]. At higher temperatures the mass loss has ceased, and the results are revealing a residue content of about 40 weight-% including the basalt fibres [39,40].…”

Section: Tga-thermal Gravimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 84%

“…When conducting TGA analysis of phenol resins in an oxygen atmosphere, an oxidation might occur and result in the small mass loss observed already at lower temperatures, as described in [36]. Another possible explanation could be release of uncured resin and water [37].The limited mass loss seen for FRP 3 would be a result of the high thermal stability of the PFA resin [38]. To conduct thermal ageing at 90°C with these composites seems acceptable due to the slow and steady degradation rate in this temperature range, and especially for FRP 3, which showed to be very thermally stable.…”

Section: Tga-thermal Gravimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Accelerated Ageing on Reaction-to-Fire Properties–Composite Materials

et al. 2021

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As material age, the durability, strength, and other mechanical properties are impacted. The lifespan of a material generally decreases when exposed to weathering conditions such as wind, temperature, humidity, and light. It is important to have knowledge of how materials age and how the material properties are affected. Regarding materials´ fire behaviour and the effect of ageing on these properties, the knowledge is limited. The research questions of the current work are: Are the fire properties of composite materials affected by ageing? And if so, how is it affected? The study is on material at Technology Readiness Level 9 (TRL). In this study, three composite fibre laminates developed for marine applications were exposed to accelerated ageing. Two different ageing conditions were selected, thermal ageing with an increased temperature of 90°C and moisture ageing in a moderately increased temperature of 40°C and a relative humidity of 90%. Samples were collected after one, two and four weeks of ageing. The reaction-to-fire properties after ageing was evaluated using the ISO 5660–1 cone calorimeter and the EN ISO 5659–2 smoke chamber with FTIR gas analysis. The test results showed that the fire behaviour was affected. Two of the composite laminates, both phenolic/basalt composites, showed a deteriorated fire behaviour from the thermal ageing and the third composite laminate, a PFA/glass fibre composite, showed an improved fire behaviour both for thermal and moisture ageing. The smoke toxicity was affected by the accelerated ageing, especially for the PFA/glass fibre composite that showed a higher production of CO and HCN, both for the thermal aged and the moisture aged samples.

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“…Among the polymers used in carbon nanocomposites, the phenolic resin has stood out for presenting dimensional and thermal stability, chemical resistance at high temperatures, and low cost compared to other thermoset polymers found on the market [12,14]. Phenolic resins (PR) have a wide range of applications, such as in heat-shields for the aerospace industry [4], automotive parts [15], refractory binders [16], wood adhesives [17], and others due to their fire retardant and electromagnetic interference shielding [18], low flammability, low smoke emission levels under fire conditions, and good chemical resistance [19,20]. The use of pure PR as an integral part of composites/nanocomposites depends on its type of preparation [21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes and their tendency for carbon organization

2022

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The carbon derived from the thermal treatment of modified phenolic resins (PR) tends to organize into graphitic lamellae or turbostratic carbon and is commonly considered non-graphitizable. In this study, nanocomposites were synthesized with modified phenolic resin (Novolac) used as the matrix and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NT ox ) in amounts ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 wt% as a filler. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with field emission gun (FEG), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed. By TGA, the PR-2.5 wt% nanocomposite showed less thermal degradation and higher stability when compared to the pure matrix after heat treatment up to 1000 °C. Graphitic carbon organization analysis by Raman spectroscopy, XRD, SEM/FEG, and TEM micrographs showed that the PR-2.5 wt% nanocomposite is suitable for technological applications, involving a carbon graphitization tendency.

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Curing Mechanism of Phenolic Resin Binder for Oxide-Carbon Refractories

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Influence of microfillers addition on the flexural properties of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic composites

Influence of microfillers addition on the flexural properties of carbon fiber reinforced phenolic composites

The Effect of Accelerated Ageing on Reaction-to-Fire Properties–Composite Materials

Study of nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes and their tendency for carbon organization

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