Current advances and future outlook of heterogeneous catalytic transesterification towards biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

Abstract

The demonstration of disposal and utilisation of waste cooking oil as potential feedstock towards biodiesel synthesis by catalytic heterogeneous transesterification.

Exploiting the potential of calcined sodium citrate as a novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis

“…Thus, the use of WCO as a feedstock, not only minimizes the waste generation and environmental pollution but also the concerns regarding food and land security raised by the competition between energy and food markets. 22–24 Countries including the USA, Europe, and Japan have implemented policies such as tax credits to promote the use of WCO as feedstocks. This strategy has proven to be effective, with the expansion in the use of these feedstocks in Europe and the USA, making up 33% of the USA's biodiesel production in 2023.…”

“…However, the physicochemical properties of these oils not only impact the end product characteristics but also the reaction mechanism that results in biodiesel conversion. 23,28,29…”