Current and Future PET Imaging for Multiple Myeloma

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging modality used for the noninvasive assessment of tumor staging and response to therapy. PET with 18F labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG PET) is widely used to assess the active and inactive lesions in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Despite the availability of 18F-FDG PET for the management of MM, PET imaging is less sensitive than next-generation flow cytometry and sequencing. Therefore, the novel PET radiotracers 64Cu-LLP2A, 68Ga-pentixafor, and 89Zr-daratumumab have been developed to target the cell surface antigens of MM cells. Furthermore, recent studies attempted to visualize the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes using PET imaging in patients with cancer to investigate their prognostic effect; however, these studies have not yet been performed in MM patients. This review summarizes the recent studies on PET with 18F-FDG and novel radiotracers for the detection of MM and the resulting preclinical research using MM mouse models and clinical studies. Novel PET technologies may be useful for developing therapeutic strategies for MM in the future.

Effects of methane emissions on multiple myeloma-related mortality rates: A World Health Organization perspective

“…Although there are no studies in the literature directly revealing the relationship between methane and MM, there are studies involving methane compounds as a mechanism. [11][12][13] This situation also supports the research findings. However, further research is needed for the mechanism of correlation analysis results.…”

“…To enhance cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance, abnormal VLA4 expression in MM cells interacts with viral cell adhesion molecule, which is produced in bone marrow stromal cells. LLP2A [11][12][13] was conjugated with the chelators CB-TE1A1P, which are specified as 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-[methane phosphonic acid]-8-[methane carboxylic acid].…”

“…The chelators CB-TE1A1P, which are defined as 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-[methane phosphonic acid]-8-[methane carboxylic acid], were conjugated with LLP2A. [ 11 ] In another study, Sood et al reported that Tc-99m-hydroxy-methane-diphosphonate bone scan results in diffuse and high hepatic uptake, hypoxia from respiratory failure, and the development of hepatic necrosis in MM patients. [ 12 ] Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activator metformin has been demonstrated to have synergistic effects with dexamethasone against MM and to decrease myeloma proliferation through the IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.…”