Current and Future Therapeutic Targets of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Di, Di

doi:10.2174/187152111795508270

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Signalling pathways of chemokine-and cytokine-mediated inflammation, the p53 pathway, angiogenesis, T-cell activation, de novo purine biosynthesis, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor signalling pathway, and the apoptosis signalling pathway are some of the most commonly used targeted pathways in prevailing RA treatment. Consequently, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic medicines (DMARDs), and corticosteroids are the major therapeutic treatments used to treat RA [27]. The pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets Of Arthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bird’s Eye View of Various Cell-Based Biomimetic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Arthritis

et al. 2023

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Arthritis is the inflammation and tenderness of the joints because of some metabolic, infectious, or constitutional reasons. Existing arthritis treatments help in controlling the arthritic flares, but more advancement is required to cure arthritis meticulously. Biomimetic nanomedicine represents an exceptional biocompatible treatment to cure arthritis by minimizing the toxic effect and eliminating the boundaries of current therapeutics. Various intracellular and extracellular pathways can be targeted by mimicking the surface, shape, or movement of the biological system to form a bioinspired or biomimetic drug delivery system. Different cell-membrane-coated biomimetic systems, and extracellular-vesicle-based and platelets-based biomimetic systems represent an emerging and efficient class of therapeutics to treat arthritis. The cell membrane from various cells such as RBC, platelets, macrophage cells, and NK cells is isolated and utilized to mimic the biological environment. Extracellular vesicles isolated from arthritis patients can be used as diagnostic tools, and plasma or MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles can be used as a therapeutic target for arthritis. Biomimetic systems guide the nanomedicines to the targeted site by hiding them from the surveillance of the immune system. Nanomedicines can be functionalized using targeted ligand and stimuli-responsive systems to reinforce their efficacy and minimize off-target effects. This review expounds on various biomimetic systems and their functionalization for the therapeutic targets of arthritis treatment, and discusses the challenges for the clinical translation of the biomimetic system.

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Section: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets Of Arthritismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bird’s Eye View of Various Cell-Based Biomimetic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Arthritis

et al. 2023

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“…The estimated worldwide prevalence of RA is 1%. The most common complication of this disease is joint deformity which restricts the mobility of the affected joint or limb (Di et al 2011). RA is a heterogenous disease with a complex pathogenesis and its etiology remains largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%