Current Approaches in Premenstrual Syndrome Management

Abstract

as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) (2). The late twenties and midfifties are the periods when PMS is seen commonly (3). In the premenstrual period, changes in appetite such as excessive eating and craving, weight gain, edema, breast tenderness, and swelling and pain in the joints, abdominal pain, stomach problems, back pain, headaches, vertigo and dizziness, sweating in hands and feet, fatigue, skin problems such as acne, insomnia and short-term drowsiness, decreased libido, depressive mood, anger outbursts, irritability, crying spells, anxiety, restlessness, and confusion have been observed (2,3). Because of the problems associated with PMS, women experience change in body perception, decrease in self-confidence, social isolation and interpersonal relationships are disrupted (4,5). It is also stated that PMS leads to drug addiction, increased tendency to have an accident and to commit crime, economic losses, and decline in academic achievement (4,6). The prevalence of PMS was examined, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists reported that 4 out of 10 women have premenstrual symptoms and 5-8% of them is severely

Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and sleep quality among nursing and medical students

“…However, premenstrual symptoms occurring in the second half of the menstrual cycle negatively affect the lives of many women. 1 Premenstrual symptoms may cause many problems like mental health, physical and severe functional disorders occurring in women's social lives and work lives. Symptoms in adolescents may negatively affect academic performance and social interaction.…”

Role of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Mitochondrial Changes in Premenstrual Psychosomatic Behavioral Symptoms with Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant Herbs, and Nutritional Supplements

“…Consequently, allopregnanolone's lower concentration in the luteal phase causes aggression, depression, and mood anxiety. Certainly, women suffering from PMS showed low levels of allopregnanolone levels [ 6 ].…”

“…Eighty-five per cent of reproductive-age women experience at least one symptom of PMS, and 2.5–3% of women suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) [ 2 ]. It has been reported that women with PMS tend to have a significantly lower quality of life, legal problems, suicidal ideation, decreased work productivity, social isolation, parenting problems, increased absenteeism from work, impaired personal and social relationships, and more frequent visits to hospitals [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. Additionally, PMS also leads to an increased tendency to have an accident, drug addiction, economic losses, and a decline in demic achievement.…”

“…The diagnostic criteria of the PMS for affective symptoms and somatic symptoms must be experienced during the five days before menses in three prior menstrual cycles and relieved with the menstrual flow [ 7 ]. The primary psychological range of PMS is anxiety and depression [ 6 , 8 ].…”

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Premenstrual Syndrome with Special Emphasis on Herbal Medicine and Nutritional Supplements

“…Premenstrual somatic and psycho-behavioural symptoms are categorized by a cyclic pattern that is obvious within the luteal phase [1], and they significantly affect quality of life with more frequent visits to hospitals parenting problems, decreased work productivity, and impaired individual and societal relationships [2][3][4]. It is a common and recurrent gynaecological problem [1], and 20-30% of reproductive-age women experience clinically significant premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms [5].…”