Current approaches to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Enormous progress has been made in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). As a result of advances in experimental therapeutics, many promising therapies for PD are emerging. Levodopa remains the most potent drug for controlling PD symptoms, yet is associated with signifi cant complications such as the "wearing off" effect, levodopa-induced dyskinesias and other motor complications. Catechol-o-methyl-transferase inhibitors, dopamine agonists and nondopaminergic therapy are alternative modalities in the management of PD and may be used concomitantly with levodopa or one another. The neurosurgical treatment, focusing on deep brain stimulation, is reviewed briefl y. Although this review has attempted to highlight the most recent advances in the treatment of PD, it is important to note that new treatments are not necessarily better than the established conventional therapy and that the treatment options must be individualized and tailored to the needs of each individual patient.

ER stress in neurodegenerative disease: from disease mechanisms to therapeutic interventions

“…PD is characterized by severe motor dysfunction composed by rest tremor, slowness of movement, rigidity and postural instability [60]. Like AD, its physiopathology is marked by the presence of neurofibrillary deposits of misfolded proteins known as Lewy bodies composed by misfolded protein α-synuclein which colocalize with ubiquitin [61].…”

Dopaminergic therapies modulate the T‐CELL proteome of patients with Parkinson's disease

“…Another important category of antiparkinsonian drugs is represented by dopamine agonists, which can be used as monotherapy or in combination with L-DOPA. The activation of D2-like receptors (especially D3) is important for antiparkinsonian effects of dopamine agonists, although concurrent D1-like and D2-like stimulation is required to produce optimal physiological and behavioral effects (4,5).…”

In vitro evaluation of cationic liposomal delivery of BDNF expressing plasmid DNA in experimental model of Parkinson's disease

“…[2,3] rasagiline, and safinamide. [4] The most recent drug to be approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in pimavanserin (Nuplazid®) indicated for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis.…”

“…Pharmacologic treatment options available for PD. [4] There are some specific guidelines that should be followed by the medical professionals while treating a PD patient which are summarized in the flow chart given below: Figure 2. Treatment guidelines for the progressive stages of Parkinson's disease.…”

“…Treatment guidelines for the progressive stages of Parkinson's disease. [4] However, there are some lacunae in these therapies since they only aim at relieving the symptoms. The clinical signs include mass loss and gastrointestinal symptoms like indigestion and constipation due to the alpha-synuclein pathology in the autonomic nerves and ganglia.…”