Current Bioconcentration Test Methods and Theory

Hamelink, JL

doi:10.1520/stp32397s

Cited by 37 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The tendency of chemicals to bioconcentrate in organisms is generally expressed as a bioconcentration factor (BCF) and is defined as the steady-state ratio of the chemical in the organism to that in its environment [19]. Bioconcentration factors are used in environmental studies to estimate the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals in aquatic organisms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of current‐use and organochlorine pesticides in crab embryos from northern California, USA

Smalling

Morgan

Kuivila

2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Invertebrates have long been used as resident sentinels for assessing ecosystem health and productivity. The shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes, are abundant in estuaries and beaches throughout northern California, USA and have been used as indicators of habitat conditions in several salt marshes. The overall objectives of the present study were to conduct a lab-based study to test the accumulation of current-use pesticides, validate the analytical method and to analyze field-collected crabs for a suite of 74 current-use and legacy pesticides. A simple laboratory uptake study was designed to determine if embryos could bioconcentrate the herbicide molinate over a 7-d period. At the end of the experiment, embryos were removed from the crabs and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Although relatively hydrophilic (log K(OW) of 2.9), molinate did accumulate with an estimated bioconcentration factor (log BCF) of approximately 2.5. Following method validation, embryos were collected from two different Northern California salt marshes and analyzed. In field-collected embryos 18 current-use and eight organochlorine pesticides were detected including synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphate insecticides, as well as DDT and its degradates. Lipid-normalized concentrations of the pesticides detected in the field-collected crab embryos ranged from 0.1 to 4 ppm. Pesticide concentrations and profiles in crab embryos were site specific and could be correlated to differences in land-use practices. These preliminary results indicate that embryos are an effective sink for organic contaminants in the environment and have the potential to be good indicators of ecosystem health, especially when contaminant body burden analyses are paired with reproductive impairment assays.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of current‐use and organochlorine pesticides in crab embryos from northern California, USA

Smalling

Morgan

Kuivila

2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Thus, BCF can only be measured using well‐controlled laboratory conditions. The BCF is calculated as the ratio of the concentration of the chemical in the organism or tissue (in mg/kg) at steady state to the concentration of the chemical in the surrounding medium (in mg/L; Hamelink, 1977). Bioaccumulation describes the net consequence of uptake, transformation, and elimination from all sources including respiration, contact, and ingestion, which is typically exposed to both contaminated medium and food (Neely, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta‐analysis of Bioaccumulation Data for Nondissolvable Engineered Nanomaterials in Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Zheng

Nowack

2022

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Understanding the bioaccumulation of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is essential for making regulatory decisions on potential environmental risks. Research in the field of ENM bioaccumulation has increased in recent years, but the compilation and statistical analysis of the available experimental data have not been updated. We therefore performed a meta-analysis of the existing literature on the bioaccumulation of eight types of nondissolvable ENMs (titanium dioxide [TiO 2 ], aluminum oxide [Al 2 O 3 ], gold [Au], fullerene [C 60 ], carbon nanotubes, iron oxide [FeO x ], graphene, and polystyrene) in nonmammalian freshwater aquatic organisms across three trophic levels including phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish. Three typical endpoints were used to assess the bioaccumulation potential: the bioconcentration factor (BCF), the bioaccumulation factor (BAF), and the biomagnification factor (BMF). Our results suggest that zooplankton has greater mean logarithmic BCF and BAF values than phytoplankton (3.31 vs. 1.42) and fish (2.04). The ENMs are biomagnified in zooplankton, with a mean BMF of 17.4, whereas trophic transfer from primary consumers (zooplankton) to secondary consumers (fish) was not observed (mean BMF of 0.13). No clear dependency was identified between the physicochemical characteristics of ENMs (e.g., primary particle size, zeta potential, or shape) and bioaccumulation, except for coated versus uncoated particles accumulated in phytoplankton. Carbonaceous ENMs were found to be more bioaccumulated than the other ENMs we considered, except for TiO 2 . A meta-analysis of bioaccumulation data can (1) deepen the understanding of bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of ENMs, (2) be used to support grouping strategies as a basis for a safer-by-design approach for ENMs, (3) be integrated into comprehensive hazard and risk assessments, (4) promote the standardization of testing guidelines, and (5) enhance future kinetic bioaccumulation modeling.

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“…The primary objective of this analysis was to determine whether uptake and elimination rates differed across treatments and exposure intervals. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated as the ratio of the uptake to the elimination rate [after Hamelink (1977)]. First order rate parameters k 1 and k 2 , were estimated by fitting tissue concentration data to a single-compartment, two-parameter model by non-linear least squares regression on two model segments (Eq.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Early Life Stage Fall Chinook Salmon Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium from a Contaminated Groundwater Source

Patton

Dauble

McKinstry

2007

Environ Monit Assess

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We conducted a laboratory evaluation to assess the risk to early life stage (i.e., eyed egg to swim up) fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) for exposure to hexavalent chromium from a contaminated groundwater source. Local populations of fall Chinook salmon were exposed to Hanford Site source groundwater that was diluted with Columbia River water. Specific endpoints included survival, development rate, and growth. Tissue burdens of fish were also measured to estimate uptake and elimination rates of chromium. Survival, development, and growth of early life stage fall Chinook salmon were not adversely affected by extended exposures (i.e., 98 day) to hexavalent chromium ranging from 0.79 to 260 microg/l. Survival for all treatment levels and controls exceeded 98% at termination of the test. In addition, there were no differences among the mean lengths and weights of fish among all treatment groups. Whole-body concentrations of chromium in early life stage fall Chinook salmon had a typical dose-response pattern; i.e., those subjected to highest exposure concentrations and longest exposure intervals had higher tissue concentrations. Given the spatial extent of chromium concentrations at the Hanford Site, and the dynamics of the groundwater-river water interface, the current cleanup criterion of 10 microg/l chromium appear adequate to protect early life stage fall Chinook salmon. These findings, together with previous research indicate low risk to these populations.

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Current Bioconcentration Test Methods and Theory

Cited by 37 publications

References 20 publications

Accumulation of current‐use and organochlorine pesticides in crab embryos from northern California, USA

Accumulation of current‐use and organochlorine pesticides in crab embryos from northern California, USA

Meta‐analysis of Bioaccumulation Data for Nondissolvable Engineered Nanomaterials in Freshwater Aquatic Organisms

Evaluation of Early Life Stage Fall Chinook Salmon Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium from a Contaminated Groundwater Source

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