Current concepts and future of noninvasive procedures for diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma - a systematic review

Abstract

BackgroundOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a remarkably high incidence worldwide, and a fairly serious prognosis, encouraging further research into advanced technologies for noninvasive methods of making early diagnoses, ideally in primary care settings.ObjectivesOur purpose was to examine the validity of using advanced noninvasive technologies in diagnosis of OSCC by identifying and evaluating relevant published reports.Data sourceMEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched to identify clinical trials and other information published between 1990 and 10 June 2014; the searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE were updated to November 2014. Study selection: Studies of noninvasive methods of diagnosing OSCC, including oral brush biopsy, optical biopsy, saliva-based oral cancer diagnosis, and others were included.Data extractionData were abstracted and evaluated in duplicate for possible relevance on two occasions at an interval of 2 months before being included or excluded.Data synthesisThis study identified 163 studies of noninvasive methods for diagnosing OSCC that met the inclusion criteria. These included six studies of oral brush biopsy, 42 of saliva-based oral diagnosis, and 115 of optical biopsy. Sixty nine of these studies were assessed by the modified version of the QUADAS instrument. Saliva-based oral cancer diagnosis and optical biopsy were found to be promising noninvasive methods for diagnosing OSCC.LimitationThe strength of evidence was rated low for accuracy outcomes because the studies did not report important details required to assess the risk for bias.ConclusionsIt is clear that screening for and early detection of cancer and pre-cancerous lesions have the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. Advances in technologies for saliva-based oral diagnosis and optical biopsy are promising pathways for the future development of more effective noninvasive methods for diagnosing OSCC that are easy to perform clinically in primary care settings.

Clinical value of Naa10p and CEA levels in saliva and serum for diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…Due to the lack of public awareness and screening methods, most instances of OSCC are not diagnosed until a later stage, resulting in poor prognosis and survival rates. The 5‐year survival rate following early detection is >90%, whereas that following late detection is only ~30%, so the 5‐year survival rate remaining is <50% . Therefore, the key to improving OSCC survival rate is early diagnosis and treatment, and it is necessary to search for specific markers of oral tumors in order to allow early detection of OSCC.…”

microRNA from brush biopsy to characterize oral squamous cell carcinoma epithelium

“…The initial diagnosis requires scalpel biopsy by an oral surgeon, followed by histopathology examination. Because the majority go undiagnosed till the late stages, the disease often has a poor prognosis with average survival times <5 years . Much effort has gone into improving lesion detection and diagnosis and one way is to remove the need for scalpel biopsy.…”

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in dentistry part II: Soft tissue analysis

“…The difficulty of tissue fluorescence, has been overcome to the large extent by the accessibility of instruments operating within the near-IR region. Fluorescence from biomolecules, cells and tissues can be avoided by laser excitation within the deep UV excitation and the robust auto fluorescence background caused by optical elements was overcome by increasing the excitation of laser (11,12) With the arrival of nanotechnology and its application in medicine, Surface Enhanced…”

“…In addition, the robust fluorescence background is greatly reduced, due to the absorption of molecules on the metal nanoparticles, there by resonance enhancement of particular molecular vibrations can be achieved (5). The SERS is a promising technique for analyzing biomolecules, as well as biomarkers, such as, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), cells, viruses and microorganisms for early detection of oral cancers (11). It can combat inherently weak signal from saliva by using surface enhanced approach with gold particles (10).…”

“…Furthermore, there is limited approachability of the label to the target, insufficient binding specificity and a poor stability (1,2). of the incident photons because of the vibrational frequencies of the bio-molecules that constitute the tissue (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”