Current Developments in Drug Testing in Oral Fluid

Pil, Kristof; Verstraete, Alain

doi:10.1097/ftd.0b013e318167d563

Cited by 61 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…OF has gained acceptance over the past decade as an alternative biological matrix for detecting cannabis smoking in testing programs in settings of drug treatment, workplace, pain management, and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) (6 ). OF offers advantages including noninvasive and observed specimen collection, which make adulteration more difficult (7)(8).…”

confidence: 99%

Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers during Sustained, Monitored Abstinence

et al. 2011

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BACKGROUND Oral fluid (OF) is an accepted alternative biological matrix for drug treatment, workplace, and DUID (driving under the influence of drugs) investigations, but establishing the cannabinoid OF detection window and concentration cutoff criteria are important. METHODS Cannabinoid concentrations were quantified in OF from chronic, daily cannabis smokers during monitored abstinence. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)3, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THCCOOH) were determined in daily OF samples collected with the Quantisal™ device. GC-MS limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.5 μg/L for THC and CBD, 1 μg/L for CBN, and 7.5 ng/L for THCCOOH. RESULTS After providing written informed consent for this institutional review board–approved study, 28 participants resided from 4 to 33 days on the secure research unit and provided 577 OF specimens. At the LOQ, THC was generally quantifiable for 48 h, whereas CBD and CBN were detected only at admission. Median THCCOOH detection time was 13 days (CI 6.4–19.6 days). Mean THC detection rates decreased from 89.3% at admission to 17.9% after 48 h, whereas THCCOOH gradually decreased from 89.3% to 64.3% within 4 days. Criteria of THC ≥2 μg/L and THCCOOH ≥20 ng/L reduced detection to <48 h in chronic cannabis smokers. An OF THCCOOH/THC ratio ≤4 ng/μg or presence of CBD or CBN may indicate more recent smoking. CONCLUSIONS THC, THCCOOH, CBD, and CBN quantification in confirmatory OF cannabinoid testing is recommended. Inclusion of multiple cannabinoid cutoffs accounted for residual cannabinoid excretion in OF from chronic, daily cannabis smokers and could reduce the potential for positive test results from passive cannabis smoke exposure and lead to greatly improved test interpretation.

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confidence: 99%

Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers during Sustained, Monitored Abstinence

et al. 2011

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“…Depuis une dizaine d'années, on observe un intérêt grandissant à l'utilisation de tests rapides de détection de drogues dans la salive, surtout dans le domaine de la sécurité routière [1,2]. En effet, pour la détection de la conduite sous l'influence de l'alcool, les forces de police disposent d'éthylotests rapides et fiables et elles aimeraient pouvoir disposer de tests similaires pour la détection d'une conduite sous l'influence de drogues.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Utilisation des tests rapides de détection de drogues dans la salive au bord de la route et en santé au travail

Verstraete¹,

Labat

2009

Ann Toxicol Anal

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Résumé -Depuis une dizaine d'années, des tests de détection rapide de drogues dans la salive sont utilisés au bord de la route, au début surtout dans le cadre d'études d'évaluation de leurs performances, mais depuis 2004 certains pays comme l'Australie, la Finlande et la France les ont incorporés dans leur procédure officielle de détection de conduite sous influence. Beaucoup de molécules (à l'exception des benzodiazépines) sont présentes dans la salive à des concentrations plus élevées que dans le sang, mais on y retrouve principalement les molécules mères. D'autre part, les seuils de détection sont plus bas que dans les urines. Le recueil de la salive réalisable par différentes méthodes est une étape importante et l'on sait actuellement que les concentrations salivaires dépendent de cette méthode de recueil. Par exemple, certaines drogues comme le THC se lient au coton utilisé pour le prélèvement et ceci peut être à l'origine de résultats faussement négatifs. Ceci illustre qu'il n'est pas facile de développer un test fiable de détection des drogues dans la salive, et les évaluations dans le cadre des études Rosita et Rosita-2 ont démontré que leur sensibilité et spécificité sont perfectibles. En Europe, les tests salivaires rapides sont encore très peu utilisés en santé au travail. En Australie et en Nouvelle Zélande, de nouvelles recommandations apparaissent dans les programmes de surveillance incluant l'utilisation des tests salivaires. Aux États-Unis, la section en santé au travail du Department of Health and Human Services a publié de nouvelles recommandations en 2004 qui ne sont actuellement toujours pas adoptées. Une étude de Cone et coll. [J Anal Toxicol. 2002 ; 26(8) : 541-546] chez des employés d'entreprises privées a montré que le pourcentage de positifs (5,1 %) n'est pas différent lorsqu'on analyse la salive (par ELISA) ou les urines. Les progrès dans le développement de tests salivaires sont relativement lents, mais on peut penser qu'ils auront un rôle de plus en plus important à l'avenir. Mots clés : Salive, immunotest, conduite automobile, santé au travailAbstract -Since about ten years, onsite drug tests are used at the roadside, in the beginning mainly for evaluation studies, but since 2004 certain countries and states like Australia, Finland and France have included them in their official procedure for detection of driving under the influence. Many molecules (with the exception of benzodiazepines) are present in oral fluid at higher concentrations than in blood, and mainly the unchanged drug is present in oral fluid. Sampling of saliva can be performed by different procedures and nowadays it is well known that the drug concentrations in oral fluid depend on the collection method. For instance, certain drugs like THC bind to the cotton used for sampling, which can cause false negative results. This illustrates that it is not easy to develop a reliable oral fluid drug test, and the evaluations in the framework of Rosita and Rosita-2 have shown that their sensitivity and specificity need to be i...

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“…New pharmacokinetic studies have been conducted, optimal cutoffs have been proposed, and new studies have examined the correlation between oral fluid drug concentration and impairment. 36) A recent study, e.g., the detection of THC-COOH in oral fluid, can contribute to resolving the issue of false-positive results caused by passive exposure to marijuana. 36) Analytical methods for measuring multiple licit and illicit drugs and metabolites in oral fluid require high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.…”

Section: Oral Fluid (Saliva)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…36) A recent study, e.g., the detection of THC-COOH in oral fluid, can contribute to resolving the issue of false-positive results caused by passive exposure to marijuana. 36) Analytical methods for measuring multiple licit and illicit drugs and metabolites in oral fluid require high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. As the volume available for analysis is limited, a comprehensive method is needed for the simultaneous measurement of multiple analytes in a single aliquot.…”

Section: Oral Fluid (Saliva)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens

Saito

Kikuchi

et al. 2011

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Recent reports of the analysis of drugs of abuse in biological specimens are reviewed herein. Different perspectives from reviews so far published and the need for and the background of drug analysis in biological specimens, and difficulty of drug testing in biological specimens are introduced. Comprehensive biological specimens for the analysis of drugs of abuse in forensic science, including oral fluid (saliva), hair, umbilical cord, placenta, meconium, cadaver tissue (brain, adipose), sweat, breath, and nail clippings, in addition to the commonly used blood and urine specimens in clinical chemistry, are described along with their outlines, advantages/disadvantages, and actual examples. Today, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is the method of choice for the analysis of drugs of abuse. A simultaneous screening method for multiple types of drugs has also become popular recently. However, because qualitative determination remains important in forensic science, gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) is still in use even if it requires complicated specimen preparation and derivatization procedures. This is because GC-MS is reliable and has been employed ever since for the appraisal of trials.

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Current Developments in Drug Testing in Oral Fluid

Cited by 61 publications

References 56 publications

Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers during Sustained, Monitored Abstinence

Oral Fluid Cannabinoids in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers during Sustained, Monitored Abstinence

Utilisation des tests rapides de détection de drogues dans la salive au bord de la route et en santé au travail

Analysis of Drugs of Abuse in Biological Specimens

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