Current distribution of older and deciduous forests as legacies from historical use patterns in a Swedish boreal landscape (1725–2007)

Eriksson, Sofia; Skånes, Helle; Hammer, Monica; Lönn, Mikael

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.018

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…They elaborate these differences in their case study in south-central Indiana, in the US, where forest regrowth in formerly agricultural areas had different canopy cover, forest density and species composition than the pre-settlement forests. Similarly, Eriksson et al (2010) Further, countries that experience afforestation may use different means and policies to achieve such reforestation. Although Rudel (2005) identifies China and India as countries that have experienced afforestation, in part due to scarcity of forest products, he and others note that these two countries have followed different afforestation paths, with central government policy playing a key role in China while decentralized village efforts contributed to afforestation in India.…”

Section: Regeneration Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-timber forest products income from forest landscapes of Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria – an incidental or integral contribution to sustaining rural livelihoods?

Malleson¹,

Asaha²,

Egot³

et al. 2014

Int. Forest. Rev.

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Executive Summary: Economic Contributions of ForestsFor millennia before the industrial revolution, forests, woodlands, and trees were the source of land for settlement and cultivation, products and materials for construction, woody biomass for fuel and energy, and indeed, directly for food and nutrition as well. The spread of agricultural revolution depended on the conversion of forests into cultivable land. The continuing contributions of forests to global biodiversity, to the fertility of agricultural lands, and to the welfare of those who depend on them mean that forests are immensely valuable for sustainability. The massive economic contributions forests continue to make to human livelihoods, economic development, and national incomes are the main focus of our report.Changes in forest cover and the economic contributions of forests to development have created many different patterns across the globe. But the basic pattern of deforestation accompanying the initial period of economic growth, followed by a phase during which forest area and cover stabilize and then slowly begin to recover seems to be remarkably consistent -with obvious differences in timing. The specific reasons for this pattern differ -in some cases these reasons are primarily owed to changes in the distribution of economic activities from agriculture to industry to service sectors, in other cases to active government policies aiming to improve forest cover or penalize illegal extraction, and in yet other cases as a result to the role of international capital and trade. But under all these patterns of loss, stabilization, and recovery, the constant is the contributions forests make to international trade, national economies, employment, and household incomes.Even if only the formally recognized, officially reported monetary contributions of forests to the economies of the developing world are taken into account, they exceed US$ 250B -easily more than double the flow of total development assistance and more than the annual global output of gold and silver combined. These direct, cash exchangebased contributions of forests represent approximately 1% of the global output.Data gaps and absence of reliable information are major problem in estimating the economic contributions of forests beyond what is available in official reports. Country-and region-specific efforts indicate that where such data are reliably available, the non-cash economic contributions of forests to household and national economies range between 3 and 5 times the formally recognized, cash contributions. 4 In addition to their direct, cash and non-cash economic contributions, forests also provide substantial levels of employment. More than 13 million people are employed in forest sector activities in the formal sector. In the informal sector of small and medium forest enterprises, another 40-60 million people may be employed. Once again, however, the lack of systematic data makes it near impossible to estimate closely how many people are employed in the forest sector. Estimat...

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Section: Regeneration Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-timber forest products income from forest landscapes of Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria – an incidental or integral contribution to sustaining rural livelihoods?

Malleson¹,

Asaha²,

Egot³

et al. 2014

Int. Forest. Rev.

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“…The current distribution and extent of mature broadleaved forests, as well as the structure of broadleaved forest stands, are mostly a result of historical land use practices, such as slash and burn cultivation, cattle grazing and farming. The broadleaved forest cover has been varying historically due to the changes in land use (Axelsson et al 2002, Wallenius et al 2007, Eriksson et al 2010. The relative cover of broadleaved forests or mixed forests rich in broadleaved species before anthropogenic influence has been debated, but obviously there has been some broadleaved forests growing after severe stand replacing fires, as well as some growing along swamps and water courses (Kuuluvainen 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because broadleaved forests are different to coniferous forests considering at least their disturbance dynamics and the distribution of tree species, age and size (Axelsson et al 2002, Kuuluvainen 2002, Eriksson et al 2010, it may well be that the ecology of polypores inhabiting them is also different to that of the one inhabiting coniferous forests. Thus the current situation that most of the knowledge about the conservation ecology of polypores is derived from spruce-dominated forests (Junninen and Komonen 2011), is risky in terms of extrapolating knowledge to different conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypore communities in broadleaved boreal forests

Markkanen¹,

Halme²

2012

Silva Fenn.

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The cover and extent of boreal broadleaved forests have been decreasing due to modern forest management practices and fire suppression. As decomposers of woody material, polypores are ecologically important ecosystem engineers. The ecology and conservation biology of polypores have been studied intensively in boreal coniferous forests. However, only a few studies have focused on the species living on broadleaved trees. To increase knowledge on this species group we conducted polypore surveys in 27 broadleaved forests and 303 forest compartments (539 ha) on the southern boreal zone in Finland and measured dead wood and forest characteristics. We detected altogether 98 polypore species, of which 13 are red-listed in Finland. 60% of the recorded species are primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The number of species in a local community present in a broadleaved forest covered approximately 50 species, of which 30-40 were primarily associated with broadleaved trees. The size of the inventoried area explained 67% of the variation in the species richness, but unlike in previous studies conducted in coniferous forests, dead wood variables as well as forest structure had very limited power in explaining polypore species richness on forest stand level. The compartments occupied by red listed Protomerulius caryae had an especially high volume of living birch, but otherwise the occurrences of red-listed species could not be predicted based on the forest structure.

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“…Alternatively and preferably, the poor regeneration could be accepted as an inevitable phenomenon, and wood-pastures may be allowed to evolve into open pastures in the long term. However, because wood-pastures are becoming increasingly rare, the creation of new wood-pastures dominated by birches, for example, should be ensured within the landscape using traditional disturbance-intensive land use methods, such as slash-and-burn agriculture followed by grazing (Wallenius et al 2007;Eriksson et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussion Tree Regeneration In Grazed Wood-pasturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grazing and abandonment determine different tree dynamics in wood-pastures

Oldén

Komonen

Tervonen

et al. 2016

Ambio

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Wood-pastures are threatened biotopes in which trees and livestock grazing maintain high conservation values. However, browsing may threaten tree regeneration, whereas abandonment leads to tree encroachment. We studied the regeneration of trees in a grazed and abandoned boreal wood-pastures. In grazed sites, the density of young spruces (Picea abies) was high, while the density of young birches (Betula spp.) was very low. Sprucification can be prevented only by removing spruces. The number of young birches and pines (Pinus sylvestris) was correlated with the number of junipers (Juniperus communis), probably because thorny junipers protect palatable seedlings from browsing. In abandoned sites, deciduous trees and spruces regenerated abundantly. In the long term, both grazing and abandonment lead to changes in tree species compositions and low diversity wood-pastures. Landscape scale planning and disturbance dynamics are needed for the creation of new wood-pastures and the maintenance of all pasture types within the landscape.

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Current distribution of older and deciduous forests as legacies from historical use patterns in a Swedish boreal landscape (1725–2007)

Cited by 20 publications

References 48 publications

Non-timber forest products income from forest landscapes of Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria – an incidental or integral contribution to sustaining rural livelihoods?

Non-timber forest products income from forest landscapes of Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria – an incidental or integral contribution to sustaining rural livelihoods?

Polypore communities in broadleaved boreal forests

Grazing and abandonment determine different tree dynamics in wood-pastures

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