Current epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Australia: Progress towards elimination

Song, Ning; Gao, Zeyu; Wood, James G.; Hueston, Linda; Gilbert, Gwendolyn L.; MacIntyre, C. Raina; Quinn, Helen; Menzies, Robert; McIntyre, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.025

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…During the first 8 years of the vaccination program in that country, from 1969 to 1976, the numbers of rubella virus infections fell from 57,686 to 12,491 and the number of CRS cases fell from 68 to 23 (12,33). Similar decreases have been reported in other countries where a comprehensive vaccination program has been implemented (26,34).…”

Section: Impact Of Vaccinationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies

Dimech¹,

Grangeot-Keros

Vauloup‐Fellous

2016

Clin Microbiol Rev

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SUMMARYRubella virus usually causes a mild infection in humans but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination programs have significantly decreased primary rubella virus infection and CRS; however, vaccinated individuals usually have lower levels of rubella virus IgG than those with natural infections. Rubella virus IgG is quantified with enzyme immunoassays that have been calibrated against the World Health Organization (WHO) international standard and report results in international units per milliliter. It is recognized that the results reported by these assays are not standardized. This investigation into the reasons for the lack of standardization found that the current WHO international standard (RUB-1-94) fails by three key metrological principles. The standard is not a pure analyte but is composed of pooled human immunoglobulin. It was not calibrated by certified reference methods; rather, superseded tests were used. Finally, no measurement uncertainty estimations have been provided. There is an analytical and clinical consequence to the lack of standardization of rubella virus IgG assays, which leads to misinterpretation of results. The current approach to standardization of rubella virus IgG assays has not achieved the desired results. A new approach is required.

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Section: Impact Of Vaccinationsupporting

confidence: 69%

Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies

Dimech¹,

Grangeot-Keros

Vauloup‐Fellous

2016

Clin Microbiol Rev

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“…However, inconsistent results have been reported by previous studies. Some studies have shown that women were more likely to have high seropositivity against rubella (4), and other studies have reported no significant sex difference in seropositivity against rubella (22). This inconsistency may be partly explained by differences in rubella infection and vaccination histories between study populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, in 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the use of the rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) in all national childhood immunization schedules to prevent congenital rubella infection, including CRS (3). Moreover, goals to eliminate rubella and CRS were established by the WHO in America in 2010 and will be proposed in the European and Western Pacific regions in 2015 (4,5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rubella Seroprevalence among the General Population in Dongguan, China

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY:In order to assess the immunity to rubella infection in Dongguan, China, we conducted a seroprevalence survey on rubella and used ELISA to measure rubella-specific IgG in serum samples. A total of 1,017 individuals aged 0-59 years were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Among them, 904 (88.9z) were seropositive for rubella. Two groups (20-29 and 40 years) had seropositivity rates of ＜90z. In comparison with participants aged 20 years, rubella immunization rates were higher in those aged ＜20 years (83.2z vs. 93.7z, respectively; x 2 ＝ 28.063, P ＜ 0.001). Among women aged 20-29 years, only 63.8z had antibodies above the protective level. Multivariate analysis revealed that only sex and age were significantly associated with rubella-protective antibody levels. Our results suggest that in the study area, women of childbearing age had a greater serological susceptibility to rubella. Additional vaccinations for rubella of susceptible young adults should be considered, particularly in women of childbearing age.

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“…The widespread implementation of vaccines against rubella have nearly eradicated the once-prevalent pregnancy complications and birth defects associated with this congenital viral pathogen in the United States and other developed countries. 15,16 Vaccination before pregnancy is also highly effective in preventing maternal and neonatal tetanus caused by the ubiquitous toxigenic bacterium Clostridium tetani. 17,18 Similarly, the ongoing evaluation of inactivated or live attenuated vaccine formulations shows promising protection against fetal invasion and mortality in animal models of prenatal cytomegalovirus, Salmonella enterica or Toxoplasma gondii infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, though protection against rubella, tetanus and cytomegalovirus is associated with the production of high-titer, pathogen-specific antibodies, these immune components play only a modest or no protective role against Lm, which primarily resides within infected host cells. [15][16][17][18]20,24,[28][29][30][31] Instead, protective immunity against Lm infection is conferred by CD8…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perinatal Listeria monocytogenes susceptibility despite preconceptual priming and maintenance of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells during pregnancy

et al. 2014

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Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an intracellular bacterium with unique predisposition for systemic maternal infection during pregnancy and morbid consequences for the developing fetus. Given the high mortality associated with prenatal Lm infection, strategies for augmenting protective immunity during the exceedingly vulnerable period of pregnancy are urgently needed. Herein, protection conferred by attenuated Lm administered before pregnancy against subsequent virulent Lm prenatal infection was evaluated. We show that protection against secondary Lm infection in non-pregnant mice is sharply moderated during allogeneic pregnancy because significantly more bacteria are recovered from maternal tissues, despite the numerical and functional preservation of pathogen-specific CD8 1 T cells. More importantly, preconceptual priming does not protect against in utero invasion or fetal wastage because mice inoculated with attenuated Lm prior to pregnancy and naive pregnant controls each showed near complete fetal resorption and pathogen recovery from individual concepti after Lm infection during pregnancy. Remarkably, the lack of protection against prenatal Lm infection with preconceptual priming in allogeneic pregnancy is restored during syngeneic pregnancy. Thus, maternal-fetal antigen discordance dictates the ineffectiveness of preconceptual vaccination against fetal complications after prenatal Lm infection, despite the numerical and functional preservation of pathogen-specific CD8 1 T cells.

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Current epidemiology of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome in Australia: Progress towards elimination

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies

Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies

Rubella Seroprevalence among the General Population in Dongguan, China

Perinatal Listeria monocytogenes susceptibility despite preconceptual priming and maintenance of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells during pregnancy

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