Current Evidence on Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children: What Does the Evidence from Saudi Arabia Tell Us?

Alaklabi, Asma M.; Alsharairi, Naser A.

doi:10.3390/children5010011

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, this study and other studies showed that there are gender differences in the prevalence of MetS, being more prevalent in men than women [22,23]. Additionally, previous studies have stated that metabolic syndrome and overweight is connected with micronutrients, such as vitamin D, or social factors, such as eating with familiars or eating with the TV on [24,25]. However, to date, no unified definition exists to assess the risk of MetS in children and adolescents.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 47%

A Sustainable Approach to the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Its Economic Burden

Álvarez

Aparicio-Martínez

Pozo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The prevalence of obesity continues to grow, resulting in metabolic syndrome and increasing economic burden for health systems. The objectives were to measure the ability of the NIM-MetS test, previously used in the adults, for the early and sustainable detection of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents. Moreover, to determine the economic burden of the children with MetS. Furthermore, finally, to use and implement the NIM-MetS test, via a self-created online software, as a new method to determine the risk of MetS in children. The method used was an observational study using different instruments (NIM-MetS test, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), or Cook) and measures (body mass index). Additionally, the economic burden was estimated via a research strategy in different databases, e.g., PubMed, to identify previous papers. The results (N = 265 children, age from 10–12) showed that 23.1% had obesity and 7.2% hypertension. The prevalence of MetS using the NIM-Mets was 5.7, and the cost of these children was approximate 618,253,99 euros. Finally, a model was obtained and later implemented in a web platform via simulation. The NIM-MetS obtained is a non-invasive method for the diagnosis of risk of MetS in children.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 47%

A Sustainable Approach to the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Its Economic Burden

Álvarez

Aparicio-Martínez

Pozo

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Although several epidemiological studies have observed that vitamin D deficiency was associated with obesity in children, the causality of association has remained uncertain 5 8 14 32–36. Low levels of 25(OH)D concentration may work as a marker rather than a cause of obesity 37.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with various cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese children, especially obese children

Xiao

Dong

et al. 2020

BMJ Open Diab Res Care

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ObjectiveVitamin D deficiency has recently evolved as a major public health issue worldwide. But the relationship between vitamin D and cardiovascular health in children remains unclear. Accordingly, we aimed to examine the associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and cardiometabolic risk factors, and to assess the possible effect modification of obesity on the associations in a Chinese pediatric population.Research design and methodsA cross-sectional sample of 6091 children aged 6–18 years was obtained using a cluster sampling method. The 25(OH)D concentrations, and metabolic risk factors, including waist to height ratio, blood pressure, blood lipids, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and insulin were measured. Adjusted ORs and multiplicative or additive interaction were calculated to assess the associations and effect modification, respectively.ResultsTriglycerides, FBG, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were inversely associated with 25(OH)D concentrations (p<0.05) in both sexes. The OR of hyperglycemia among individuals with insufficient vitamin D was higher than those with adequate vitamin D after adjusting for covariates (OR: 1.47; 95% CI 1.26 to 1.70). Moreover, girls with insufficient vitamin D had significantly higher odds for hypertension and high total cholesterol than those with adequate vitamin D, which was not observed in boys. Thirty-two percent (95% CI 14% to 51%) of the increased odds of hyperglycemia can be explained by the interaction between insufficient vitamin D and obesity.ConclusionsVitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased odds of various cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese children and has a synergistic effect on hyperglycemia with obesity.

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“…A review of human, animal, and cellular studies showed inconsistent ndings that a low serum vitamin D level was correlated with the cause of obesity (31). The mechanisms of association between vitamin D de ciency and MetS in obese children should be elucidated in prospective studies and provide health strategies for decreasing the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents (32).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of vitamin D de ciency among children and adolescents dependents on some factors including ethnicity, sex, physical inactivity, low sun exposure, increased TV watching, low milk intake and high soft drink intake that are also play a role in increased risk of MetS (32,33). The association between low serum 25(OH) D and MetS is a concern in pediatric population because children and adolescents with MetS are at high risk of future cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Vitamin D Status and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: The CASPIAN-V Study

Qorbani

Heidari‐Beni

Ejtahed

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) starts from early life, and is one of the important underlying factors for non-communicable disease (NCDs) in adulthood. Controversial evidence exists on the role of vitamin D deficiency in increasing risk of pediatric MetS. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between vitamin D level with MetS and its components in children and adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional nationwide study was performed as part of a surveillance program in Iran. Participants were 2596 students, aged 7 to 18 years, living in 30 provinces. In addition to filling questionnaires, physical examination was conducted, and blood samples were collected. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured using direct competitive immunoassay chemiluminescene method.Results: 2596 students with mean age of 12.2 y (55.1% boys) were recruited. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in participants was 10.6% (n=276), and 60.5% (n=1570), respectively. Prevalence of MetS was higher in vitamin D deficient group. Students with deficient vitamin D level had higher odds of MetS (OR: 4.25, 95%CI: 2.26-7.98), abdominal obesity (OR: 2.24, 95%CI: 1.61-3.12), low HDL-C (OR: 1.65, 95%CI: 1.18-2.30) and high fasting blood sugar (OR: 2.56, 95%CI: 1.43-4.57) in comparison to those with sufficient level of vitamin D.Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with increased odds of MetS and its components in Iranian pediatric population. These findings underscore the importance of prevention and control of vitamin D deficiency in preventative programs against NCDs.

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Current Evidence on Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children: What Does the Evidence from Saudi Arabia Tell Us?

Cited by 16 publications

References 97 publications

A Sustainable Approach to the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Its Economic Burden

A Sustainable Approach to the Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Its Economic Burden

Adequate 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with various cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese children, especially obese children

Association of Vitamin D Status and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: The CASPIAN-V Study

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