Current <i>in vivo</i> Assays for Cutaneous Toxicity: Local and Systemic Toxicity Testing

Auletta, Carol

doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2004.pto950501.x

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Rat scalp/skin is commonly used as a skin model instead of testing on humans 2. We shaved the rat scalp and skin to apply the electrode Ten20™ paste combination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Surface electrodes are commonly used electrodes clinically, in applications such as functional electrical stimulation for the restoration of motor functions, pain relief, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, electrocardiographic monitoring, defibrillation, surface cardiac pacing, and advanced drug delivery systems. Common to these applications are occasional reports of pain, tissue damage, rash, or burns on the skin at the point where electrodes are placed. In this study, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of acute noninvasive electrical stimulation from concentric ring electrodes (CRE) to determine the maximum safe current limit. We developed a three-dimensional multi-layer model and calculated the temperature profile under the CRE and the corresponding energy density with electrical-thermal coupled field analysis. Infrared thermography was used to measure skin temperature during electrical stimulation to verify the computer simulations. We also performed histological analysis to study cell morphology and characterize any resulting tissue damage. The simulation results are accurate for low energy density distributions. It can also be concluded that as long as the specified energy density applied is kept below 0.92 (A 2 /cm 4 ·s −1 ), the maximum temperature will remain within the safe limits. Future work should focus on the effects of the electrode paste.

show abstract

“…Rat scalp/skin is commonly used as a skin model instead of testing on humans 2. We shaved the rat scalp and skin to apply the electrode Ten20™ paste combination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Human and animal in vivo studies better replicate in-use conditions and are conducted by exposing a defined skin area to the compound, sometimes under an occlusive or semi-occlusive patch, and observer grading of the skin response [ 152 ]. Bio-engineering tools such as trans-epidermal water loss and laser Doppler may also be employed in assessment [ 153 ].…”

Section: Toxicity Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia

Mangion

Holmes

Roberts

2021

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10–15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.

show abstract

“…Because of the potential for pain and skin damage resulting from topically applied materials, careful monitoring of dermal irritation and toxicity studies is mandated by animal welfare regulations (Auletta 2004). In the United States, the care and use of minipigs are regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA, amended 1985).…”

Section: Animal Welfare Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermatotoxicology

2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The minipig has long been identified as the nonrodent animal of choice for preclinical safety evaluation of topically applied materials. This article reviews types of topical applications, study designs, and practical considerations. Dermal administration to the minipig presents multiple challenges. Issues to be considered are the area of exposure, the nature of the test article, the need for covering of the dose site, preparation of the dose site, and procedures for administration. The potential for cross-contamination (exposure of control animals to test article) is very high in topical studies and appropriate safeguards to prevent this are discussed. Topical administration to the intact skin is the most commonly utilized form of safety evaluation, but procedures have also been developed for intradermal administration and for the use of nonintact/wounded skin; these will be discussed. Evaluation of local (topical) effects is critical and can become complicated. Considerations in evaluations of the skin are interobserver variability, use of different scoring systems and discrepancies between in vivo observations, necropsy observations, and microscopic pathology findings. Causes for apparent discrepancies and suggestions for practical resolution through appropriate procedures are discussed. Practical issues in necropsy and histotechnology procedures and techniques to optimize preservation of skin are also discussed.

show abstract

Current in vivo Assays for Cutaneous Toxicity: Local and Systemic Toxicity Testing

Cited by 19 publications

References 6 publications

The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin

The Effects of Concentric Ring Electrode Electrical Stimulation on Rat Skin

Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia

Dermatotoxicology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About