Current information on the immunologic status of occult hepatitis B infection

Arababadi, Mohammad Kazemi; Ahmadabadi, Behzad Nasiri; Kennedy, Derek

doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03575.x

Cited by 42 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Moreover, another study showed a similar response in terms of overexpression of interleukins IL-10, IL-17 and IFN-gamma, while IL-12 and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha presented no difference in OBI patients when compared to healthy subjects who were clear of HBV infection [73,74,75]. Patients with OBI seem to be unable to express high levels of IL-12 and SDF-1alpha, a fact that could facilitate clearing of HBV through activation and migration of T lymphocytes and NK cells [76] (Figure 2). A related study found a decrease in CD8+ T cells in individuals with OBI, compared to healthy individuals [76].…”

Section: Principal Molecular Mechanisms Associated With Obimentioning

confidence: 99%

Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development

Morales-Romero

Vargas

García-Román

2014

Viruses

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The hepatitis B virus (HBV) represents a worldwide public health problem; the virus is present in one third of the global population. However, this rate may in fact be higher due to occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI). This condition is characterized by the presence of the viral genome in the liver of individuals sero-negative for the virus surface antigen (HBsAg). The causes of the absence of HBsAg in serum are unknown, however, mutations have been identified that produce variants not recognized by current immunoassays. Epigenetic and immunological host mechanisms also appear to be involved in HBsAg suppression. Current evidence suggests that OBI maintains its carcinogenic potential, favoring the progression of fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver. In common with open HBV infection, OBI can contribute to the establishment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiological data regarding the global prevalence of OBI vary due to the use of detection methods of different sensitivity and specificity. In Latin America, which is considered an area of low prevalence for HBV, diagnostic screening methods using gene amplification tests for confirmation of OBI are not conducted. This prevents determination of the actual prevalence of OBI, highlighting the need for the implementation of cutting edge technology in epidemiological surveillance systems.

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Section: Principal Molecular Mechanisms Associated With Obimentioning

confidence: 99%

Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development

Morales-Romero

Vargas

García-Román

2014

Viruses

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“…OBI may maintain these direct mechanisms of HBV-related carcinogenesis, such as the ability to be integrated into the host genome and production of transforming proteins, mainly including X and preS-S proteins 11,32,39-41. In contrast, OBI may also exert pro-oncogenic properties through indirect mechanisms.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Carcinogenesis In Patients With Obimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, OBI may also exert pro-oncogenic properties through indirect mechanisms. These are associated with its propensity to induce persistent necroinflammation in the liver and to promote progression of chronic hepatitis to liver cirrhosis, which indicates the step preceding HCC occurrence in the majority of cases 11,20-22,25,26,41. Furthermore, indirectly, continuous HBV replication caused by OBI can mediate alterations in transforming growth factor-β1 and α2-macrogloblin production, leading to liver carcinogenesis 42…”

Section: Mechanism Of Carcinogenesis In Patients With Obimentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Significance of Occult Hepatitis B Infection in Progression of Liver Disease and Carcinogenesis

Nishikawa¹,

Osaki²

2013

J. Cancer

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Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is defined as long-lasting persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the liver of patients with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative status, with or without serological markers of previous exposure (antibodies to HBsAg and/or to hepatitis B core antigen). Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding OBI and its clinical implications. OBI as a cause of chronic liver disease in patients with HBsAg-negative status is becoming an important disease entity. In conditions of immunocompetence, OBI is inoffensive in itself and detection of HBV DNA in the liver does not always indicate active hepatitis. However, when other factors that cause liver damage, such as hepatitis C virus infection, obesity and alcohol abuse are present, the minimal lesions produced by the immunological response to OBI might worsen the clinical course of the underlying liver disease. Several lines of evidence suggest that OBI is associated with progression of liver fibrosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. The major interest in OBI is primarily associated with the growing, widely discussed evidence of its clinical impact. The aim of this review is to highlight recent data for OBI, with a major focus on disease progression or carcinogenesis in patients with chronic liver disease.

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“…Immune responses are the main defense against tumors and infectious diseases [1,2]. Uncontrolled immune responses against self and foreign antigens are described as autoimmunity and hypersensitivity, respectively [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the CCR5 Δ 32 Mutation Associated with Immune System-Related Diseases?

et al. 2012

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Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity are the main features of immune system-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and asthma. It has been established that chemokines play key roles in the activation and regulation of immune cell migration which is important in the pathogenesis of the diseases mentioned. CC chemokines receptor 5 or CCR5 is a receptor for RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β and is expressed by several immune cells including NK cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages. It plays key roles in the regulation of migration and activation of the immune cells during immune responses against microbe and self-antigens during autoimmunity and hypersensitivity disorders. Therefore, any alteration in the sequence of CCR5 gene or in its expression could be associated with immune system-related diseases. Previous studies revealed that a 32-base pair deletion (Δ 32) in exon 1 of the CCR5 gene led to downregulation of the gene. Previous studies demonstrated that not only CCR5 expression was altered in autoimmune and hypersensitivity disorders, but also that the mutation is associated with the diseases. This review addresses the recent information regarding the association of the CCR5 Δ 32 mutation in immune-related diseases including T2D with and without nephropathy, MS, and asthma. Based on the collected data, it seems that the CCR5 Δ 32 mutation can be considered as a risk factor for MS, but not asthma and T2D with and without nephropathy.

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Current information on the immunologic status of occult hepatitis B infection

Cited by 42 publications

References 43 publications

Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development

Occult HBV Infection: A Faceless Enemy in Liver Cancer Development

Clinical Significance of Occult Hepatitis B Infection in Progression of Liver Disease and Carcinogenesis

Is the CCR5 Δ 32 Mutation Associated with Immune System-Related Diseases?

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