Current Insight of Printability Quality Improvement Strategies in Natural-Based Bioinks for Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing

Abstract

Skin tissue engineering aimed to replace chronic tissue injury commonly occurred due to severe burn and chronic wound in diabetic ulcer patients. The normal skin is unable to be regenerated until the seriously injured tissue is disrupted and losing its function. 3D-bioprinting has been one of the effective methods for scaffold fabrication and is proven to replace the conventional method, which reported several drawbacks. In light of this, researchers have developed a new fabrication approach via 3D-bioprinting by combining biomaterials (bioinks) with cells and biomolecules followed by a suitable crosslinking approach. This advanced technology has been subcategorised into three different printing techniques including inject-based, laser-based, and extrusion-based printing. However, the printable quality of the currently available bioinks demonstrated shortcomings in the physicochemical and mechanical properties. This review aims to identify the limitations raised by using natural-based bioinks and the optimum temperature for various applied printing techniques. It is essential to ensure maintaining the acceptable printed scaffold property such as the optimum pore sizes and porosity that allow cell migration activity. In addition, the properties required for an ideal bioinks design for better scaffold printability were also summarised.

Synergistic Effect of Biomaterial and Stem Cell for Skin Tissue Engineering in Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Concise Review

“…Oxidative stress caused by ROS can directly inhibit angiogenesis; therefore, a certain balance of oxidative stress is ideal and any disruption in this balance might reduce the ASCs capacity to modulate ROS levels within the wound, thereby reducing their therapeutic efficacy [ 56 ]. Thus, the selection of novel and appropriate cell sorting techniques that include a distinct surface marker signature for identification, the assessment of correlation between the transcriptional signature of the desired cells with the surface protein, and predicting the protein level association of gene expression profiles and surface markers can provide possibilities to enhance the functional ability of stem cells and will potentially make stem cell-based therapeutics available to a broader cohort of patients [ 112 ].…”

Injectable Hydrogels for Chronic Skin Wound Management: A Concise Review

“…With technological advancement, other series of therapies for DFU have been implemented such as the development of skin substitutes, negative pressure wound therapy, hyperbaric oxygen, fabrication of novel wound dressings that implicate growth factors, and the use of tissue-derived biomaterials. In tissue engineering, biomaterials play a vital role as a provisional bioscaffold for tissue repair and regeneration [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Wound and Skin Healing in Space: The 3D Bioprinting Perspective

“…A variety of bioinks have been investigated and applied so far for BP of the dermal layer, and most of them are based on single biopolymers or blends ( Perez-Valle et al, 2020 ; Masri and Fauzi, 2021 ). As native ECM of the dermis mainly consists of collagen type I, this biopolymer is an obvious suitable choice and also many other types of biopolymers, including gelatin, fibrin, chitosan, and alginate have been applied successfully.…”