Current Insights into Long Non-Coding RNAs (LncRNAs) in Prostate Cancer

Abstract

The importance of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathogenesis of various malignancies has been uncovered over the last few years. Their dysregulation often contributes to or is a result of tumour progression. In prostate cancer, the most common malignancy in men, lncRNAs can promote castration resistance, cell proliferation, invasion, and metastatic spread. Expression patterns of lncRNAs often change during tumour progression; their expression levels may constantly rise (e.g., HOX transcript antisense RNA, HOTAIR), or steadily decrease (e.g., downregulated RNA in cancer, DRAIC). In prostate cancer, lncRNAs likewise have diagnostic (e.g., prostate cancer antigen 3, PCA3), prognostic (e.g., second chromosome locus associated with prostate-1, SChLAP1), and predictive (e.g., metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1, MALAT-1) functions. Considering their dynamic role in prostate cancer, lncRNAs may also serve as therapeutic targets, helping to prevent development of castration resistance, maintain stable disease, and prohibit metastatic spread.

<p>Long Non-Coding RNA EGOT Promotes the Malignant Phenotypes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells and Increases the Expression of HMGA2 via Down-Regulating miR-33a-5p</p>

“…6,7 A large number of studies have shown that lncRNAs can affect the progression of many types of tumor. [8][9][10] For example, lncRNA OR3A4 promotes the growth, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by up-regulating the expression of guaninenucleotide-binding protein beta polypeptide 2-like 1; 11 the up-regulated expression of lncRNA ZFAS1 is associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells; 12 and lncRNA HCAL, as ceRNA of lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein 4B, promotes the growth and metastasis of HCC. 13 In addition, studies have shown that EGOT promotes the development and progression of gastric cancer; 14 and it is a lncRNA induced by HCV infection, and increases viral replication by counteracting antiviral responses.…”

Long noncoding RNA DLX6-AS1 promotes renal cell carcinoma progression via miR-26a/PTEN axis

“…5 It has been wildly investigated that lncRNAs modulate many types of tumor progression. [6][7][8] For example, lncRNA LOC100129148 and EWSAT1 have been reported to act as oncogenic role in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 9,10 lncRNA 00858 functions as a competing endogenous RNA for miR-422a to facilitate the cell growth in non-small cell lung cancer 11 and Increased expression of long-noncoding RNA ZFAS1 is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition of gastric cancer. 12 It also has been reported that high DLX6-AS1 expression levels were significantly associated with both histological differentiation and TNM stage of lung cancer.…”

LncRNA HOTAIR/miR‐613/c‐met axis modulated epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of retinoblastoma cells

“…Figures[6][7][8]. Generally speaking, EMT of tumour cells occurred with fading away of inter-cellular junctions, and incredible invasion and migration of tumour cells, so it has been deemed as a major step inherent in tumour development and migration.…”