Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface

Farana, Roman; Williams, Genevieve; Fujihara, Toshiyuki; Wyatt, Hannah; Naundorf, Falk; Irwin, Gareth

doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…The introduced functional assessment instrument aimed to reveal technical and coordination deficits that could lead to shoulder injuries during sports. For this purpose, the selected exercises were not limited to being sport-specific; they aimed to evaluate not only shoulder adequacy but also spine function and motor control [19,20]. The wall angel assessed UE flexibility, thoracic and cervical spine mobility in the sagittal plane, as well as movement coordination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both gymnastics and weightlifting demand sufficient kinetic control at an excessive range of motion of the shoulders and high forces production distally while maintaining stability centrally [19,20]. A first step in developing preventive techniques, both in research and practice, could involve identifying participants who may face a higher risk of injury through pre-participation or pre-season assessments in the gym.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CrossFit is characterized by a complexity of movements requiring explosive power production in terms of stability. The multifaceted nature of the sport necessitates meticulous screening, which should comprise a variety of tests to assess shoulder function in a holistic manner [1,[19][20][21]. In recent years, there has been a recommendation to design and use test batteries instead of isolated tests in similar studies concerning joint screenings for injury susceptibility [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of an Innovative Evaluation Tool: CrossFit Functional Assessment Battery of Tests for the Shoulder Joint

Bakaraki,

Parmaxizoglou,

Gkrilias

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Background and objectivesThis study aims to introduce an innovative functional assessment tool designed for CrossFit athletes, to identify a high risk of injury at the shoulder joint. Additionally, the study seeks to examine both inter-rater reliability, which was tested in 40 CrossFit participants, and test-retest reliability, which was assessed in twenty subjects. MethodologyCrossFit Functional Assessment Battery for the Shoulder Joint (CrossFit FABS) is a newly created instrument presented for the first time. The evaluation of the performance of its six items aimed to reveal deficits that could contribute to incidents of shoulder injuries. For this purpose, 40 healthy CrossFit participants were concurrently but independently examined by two raters, and twenty healthy adults active in sports were assessed by the main investigator at two different time points. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to analyze categorical data with an ordinal structure. ResultsInter-rater reliability ranged from 0.824 to 1 ( P = 0.000) and test-retest reliability was 0.661 to 0.906 (P < 0.001) for each test of CrossFit FABS. A strong to almost perfect correlation was demonstrated for all the variables between the two examiners. Moderate to almost perfect correlation was shown through test-retest procedures. ConclusionsThe proposed test battery was established as a reliable tool for evaluating performance routines that represent high injury-risk elements for the shoulder joint in CrossFit athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of an Innovative Evaluation Tool: CrossFit Functional Assessment Battery of Tests for the Shoulder Joint

Bakaraki,

Parmaxizoglou,

Gkrilias

et al. 2024

Cureus

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“…Future studies could use a full kinematic analysis with a real-time motion analysis system with muscle modeling, as Sinclair et al (2015) . In addition, it would be interesting to adopt a multidisciplinary approach that brings together motor control, movement analysis and teaching/learning gymnastics skills as suggested by Farana et al (2021) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate Effect of Self-Modelling with Internal Versus External Focus of Attention on Teaching/Learning Gymnastics Motor-Skills

Amri-Dardari¹,

Mkaouer²,

Amara³

et al. 2022

Journal of Human Kinetics

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The aim of this study was to identify the immediate effect of self-modelling with different focus of attention strategies (i.e., internal vs. external) on the teaching/learning of gymnastics motor-skills. Fifty-nine non-gymnast students participated in this study and were divided into three groups (i.e., an external focus group (EF), an internal focus group (IF), and a control group (CG)). Each participant’s performance of the back dismount in the parallel bars was assessed before the experiment (i.e., base-score), and each participant was asked to provide a self-evaluation of their performance and their efficiency percentage. Afterwards, participants received a specific learning session (i.e., self-modelling with external focus, self-modelling with internal focus, or traditional learning with verbal instruction) and performed the back dismount in the parallel bars again immediately after (i.e., final score). Four international judges evaluated performance of our participants. The results showed that the EF and IF outperformed the CG in the final score. Importantly, a significant difference between the base and the final score was observed in the EF and IF, but not in the CG. In addition, the EF showed the highest percentage of improvement (Δ-score) and self-estimation scores compared to the two other groups. In conclusion, this study supports the adoption of external focus of attention for teaching/learning gymnastics motor-skills.

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“…During childhood and adolescence, there is an optimal strength–load ratio (i.e., optimal conditions for learning new skills), but this often deteriorates during puberty [ 26 ]. As a result, development is not linear and the focus of training needs to change at each stage [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Differences between Maximum Flight Height of Basic Skills on Floor, Beam and Vault and Physical Condition of Youth Female Artistic Gymnasts

Schärer

Reinhart

Hübner

2023

Sports

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In women’s artistic gymnastics, difficult elements with great flight heights have to be performed on the apparatuses. However, the importance of the physical condition for generating flight height and its development with age remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the age-related differences of lower body power, reactive strength, 20 m sprint speed, flight heights (basic elements on beam and floor) and run-up speed on the vault of 33 youth female gymnasts. Further, we calculated correlations between all parameters separately for different age groups (7–9 y; 10–12 y; 13–15 y). We found larger differences between the age groups 7–9 y and 10–12 y than between 10–12 y and 13–15 y on the apparatuses (10–12 y vs. 7–9 y: +23% to +52%; 13–15 y vs. 10–12 y: +2% to +24%) and for physical conditioning variables (10–12 y vs. 7–9 y: +12 to +24%; 13–15 y vs. 10–12 y: + 5% to +16%). The correlations between flight heights and physical condition were the lowest for age group 7–9 y (r: from −0.47 to 0.78; 10–12 y: r: from −0.19 to 0.80; 13–15 y: r: from −0.20 to 0.90). An optimal application of the physical condition to enhance the gymnastics-specific performance (e.g., flight height) is strongly age-dependent. Regular monitoring of jumping abilities and the derivation of training recommendations can accelerate this development and the future performance of young athletes.

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Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface

Cited by 18 publications

References 126 publications

Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of an Innovative Evaluation Tool: CrossFit Functional Assessment Battery of Tests for the Shoulder Joint

Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of an Innovative Evaluation Tool: CrossFit Functional Assessment Battery of Tests for the Shoulder Joint

Immediate Effect of Self-Modelling with Internal Versus External Focus of Attention on Teaching/Learning Gymnastics Motor-Skills

Age-Related Differences between Maximum Flight Height of Basic Skills on Floor, Beam and Vault and Physical Condition of Youth Female Artistic Gymnasts

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