Current Knowledge about the Effect of Nutritional Status, Supplemented Nutrition Diet, and Gut Microbiota on Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion and Regeneration in Liver Surgery

Abstract

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unresolved problem in liver resection and transplantation. The preexisting nutritional status related to the gut microbial profile might contribute to primary non-function after surgery. Clinical studies evaluating artificial nutrition in liver resection are limited. The optimal nutritional regimen to support regeneration has not yet been exactly defined. However, overnutrition and specific diet factors are crucial for the nonalcoholic or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis liver diseases. Gut-derived microbial products and the activation of innate immunity system and inflammatory response, leading to exacerbation of I/R injury or impaired regeneration after resection. This review summarizes the role of starvation, supplemented nutrition diet, nutritional status, and alterations in microbiota on hepatic I/R and regeneration. We discuss the most updated effects of nutritional interventions, their ability to alter microbiota, some of the controversies, and the suitability of these interventions as potential therapeutic strategies in hepatic resection and transplantation, overall highlighting the relevance of considering the extended criteria liver grafts in the translational liver surgery.

Starvation Alters Gut Microbiome in Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae

“…While many studies have focused on the impact of adding nutrients into a system on associated gut microbiome structure, a literature review revealed only limited investigations of bacterial community shifts during host starvation ( Xia et al, 2014 ; Davis, 2016 ; Seitz et al, 2019 ; Cornide-Petronio et al, 2020 ; Golonka et al, 2020 ; Jing et al, 2020 ; Schroder et al, 2020 ). In fact, little is known about the impact of fasting on the microbiome of invertebrates.…”

Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) Score as a New Indicator of Prognosis in Patients With Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Is Superior to NLR and PNI: A Single-Center Retrospective Study

“…A number of studies have confirmed that malnutrition dramatically increase the occurrence of postoperative complications in cancer patients, negatively affects the anticancer efficacy, length of hospital stay and quality of life of cancer patients, and also speeds up the progress of cancer, leading to poor survival (11)(12)(13)(14). Since nutritional status may be an important factor affecting the degree of liver regeneration, and preoperative malnutrition is highly correlated with the incidence of postoperative liver failure and postoperative death, this phenomenon is particularly evident in the field of liver surgery (15)(16)(17). Based on the above findings, several nutrition-based scores have been identified in recent years as possible prognostic markers for various cancers, and the details of these scores are readily available from peripheral blood samples (18,19).…”

Hemorheological and Microcirculatory Factors in Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury—An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms and Protective Strategies

“…This method of effectiveness is controversial and rarely examined [ 141 , 142 , 143 ]. It is important to note that nutritional status, diet, presence of steatosis or other hepatic alterations influence the effects of conditioning maneuvers and their outcome [ 144 , 145 ].…”