Current Management Strategies in Breast Cancer by Targeting Key Altered Molecular Players

Ali, Shabana Amanda; Mondal, Neelima; Choudhry, Hani; Rasool, Mahmood; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Khan, Mohammad A.; Mahfooz, Maryam; Sami, Ghufrana Abdus; Jarullah, Jummanah; Ali, Ashraf; Jamal, Mohammad Sarwar

doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00045

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Aromataz inhibitörleri bu dönüşümü baskılayarak östrojen seviyesini düşürmeyi ve hücre büyümesini engellemeyi sağlar. Anastrazol, letrozol gibi ilaçlar östrojen reseptörü pozitif olan meme kanserli hastaların tedavisinde kullanılmakta ve meme kanserine bağlı ölümü azaltmaktadırla 29 . Gonadotropin salgılayan hormon analogları ise organları kimyasal olarak kısırlaştırıp (kastrasyon) over ve prostat kanserlerinin tedavisinde kullanılır.…”

Section: Hormonal Tedavilerunclassified

Current Modalities in Treatment of Cancer

Baykara¹

2016

BSBD

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bsbd@balikesir.edu.tr www.bau-sbdergisi.com ÖZET Kanser, hücrelerin kontrolsüz bölünmesi ve çoğalması ile ortaya çıkan ve genetik ve çevresel koşulların etkisi altında olan kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bilinen 100'den fazla kanser türü olmasına ve belli tipteki kanserler için olabildiğince standart yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesine rağmen kanser aynı zamanda kişisel bir hastalıktır. Dünya üzerindeki hiçbir insanın DNA'sı birbirine benzemediği için kişilerin benzer tedavilere farklı cevaplar vermesi şaşırtıcı olmayan bir gerçektir. Teknolojinin ilerlemesi ile birlikte günümüzde var olan tedavilere ek olarak yeni tedavi yöntemleri geliştirilmektedir. Standart olarak kabul edilen kemoterapi, radyoterapi ve cerrahi yöntemlere ek olarak aşılar, biyolojik, hormonal, hedeflenmiş ve gen terapiler giderek artan sayıda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kanser ve tedavisi hakkında bilgi edinmek isteyen bir kişinin karşısına farklı tedaviler, yaklaşımlar, bilimsel makaleler ve hurafelerden oluşan sonsuz bir kaynak denizi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gerekli bilgiye ulaşmak için uzun ve detaylı araştırmalar yapmak gerekebilir. Bu derlemenin amacı çok basit veya çok karmaşık bilgiler arasında bir köprü oluşturmak, başarı ile uygulanan yöntemleri karşılaştırmak, günümüzde kullanılan tüm metodlar hakkında okuyucuya bilgi vermektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kanser tedavisi, gen terapi, radyoterapi, kemoterapi SUMMARYCancer is a complex disease emerging from uncontrolled cell proliferation and division due to various genetic and environmental factors. Even though standard procedures are applied to specific types of cancers, it is also a personal disease with more than 100 types. It is not surprising why every human being responses same to treatments as human DNA is unique. As technology progresses, new therapies including but not limited to biological, hormonal, targeted and gene therapies are developed besides current approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. One can easily get lost in a huge ocean of knowledge when he wants to learn about cancer as different types of treatments, approaches, scintific papers and superstitions are widely accesible through internet and it may take a while for the average person to reach the desired information. The aim of this review is to bridge over very simple or very complex information, compare the methods and inform the reader about modalities in cancer.

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Section: Hormonal Tedavilerunclassified

Current Modalities in Treatment of Cancer

Baykara¹

2016

BSBD

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“…It mainly includes selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), estrogen receptor downregulated modulators (SERDs), and aromatase inhibitors (AIS). Tamoxifen is one of the SERMs ( Ali et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in the Understanding of the Mechanism of Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer

et al. 2020

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Tamoxifen is a drug commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer, especially for postmenopausal patients. However, its efficacy is limited by the development of drug resistance. Downregulation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is an important mechanism of tamoxifen resistance. In recent years, with progress in research into the protective autophagy of drug-resistant cells and cell cycle regulators, major breakthroughs have been made in research on tamoxifen resistance. For a better understanding of the mechanism of tamoxifen resistance, protective autophagy, cell cycle regulators, and some transcription factors and enzymes regulating the expression of the estrogen receptor are summarized in this review. In addition, recent progress in reducing resistance to tamoxifen is reviewed. Finally, we discuss the possible research directions into tamoxifen resistance in the future to provide assistance for the clinical treatment of breast cancer.

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“…Clinically, long-term tamoxifen treatment can reduce the recurrence and mortality of ER + breast cancer [8,9]. However, primary or acquired tamoxifen resistance greatly influences the effectiveness of endocrine therapy [[10], [11], [12]].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of CXXC Finger Protein 4 Leads to a Tamoxifen-resistant Phenotype in Breast Cancer Cells Through Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway

Zhu

Luo

et al. 2020

Translational Oncology

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Tamoxifen is a successful endocrine therapy drug for estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancer. However, resistance to tamoxifen compromises the efficacy of endocrine treatment. In the present study, we identified potential tamoxifen resistance–related gene markers and investigated their mechanistic details. First, we established two ER + breast cancer cell lines resistant to tamoxifen, named MCF-7/TMR and BT474/TMR. Gene expression profiling showed that CXXC finger protein 4 (CXXC4) expression is lower in MCF-7/TMR cells than in MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, CXXC4 mRNA and protein expression are lower in the resistant cell lines than in the corresponding parental cell lines. We also investigated the correlation between CXXC4 and endocrine resistance in ER + breast cancer cells. CXXC4 knockdown accelerates cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo and renders breast cancer cells insensitive to tamoxifen, whereas CXXC4 overexpression inhibits cancer cell growth and increases tamoxifen sensitivity of resistant cells. In addition, we demonstrated that CXXC4 inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer cells by modulating the phosphorylation of GSK-3β, influencing the integrity of the β-catenin degradation complex. Silencing the CXXC4 gene upregulates expression of cyclinD1 and c-myc (the downstream targets of Wnt signaling) and promotes cell cycle progression. Conversely, ectopic expression of CXXC4 downregulates the expression of these proteins and arrests the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Finally, the small-molecule inhibitor XAV939 suppresses Wnt signaling and sensitizes resistant cells to tamoxifen. These results indicate that components of Wnt pathway that are early in response to tamoxifen could be involved as an intrinsic factor of the transition to endocrine resistance, and inhibition of Wnt signaling may be an effective therapeutic strategy to overcome tamoxifen resistance.

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Current Management Strategies in Breast Cancer by Targeting Key Altered Molecular Players

Cited by 22 publications

References 68 publications

Current Modalities in Treatment of Cancer

Current Modalities in Treatment of Cancer

Progress in the Understanding of the Mechanism of Tamoxifen Resistance in Breast Cancer

Downregulation of CXXC Finger Protein 4 Leads to a Tamoxifen-resistant Phenotype in Breast Cancer Cells Through Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway

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