The recent rapid acceleration of basic science is reshaping both our clinical research system and our healthcare delivery system. The pace and growing volume of medical discoveries are yielding exciting new opportunities, yet we continue to face old challenges to maintain research progress and effectively translate research into practice. The National Institutes of Health and individual government programs increasingly are emphasizing research agendas that involve evidence development, comparative-effectiveness research among heterogeneous populations, translational research, and accelerating the translation of research into evidence-based practice as well as building successful research networks to support these efforts. For more than 25 years, the National Cancer Institute Community Clinical Oncology Program has successfully extended research into the community and facilitated the translation of research into evidence-based practice. By describing its keys to success, this article provides practical guidance to cancer-focused, provider-based research networks as well as those in other disciplines. Cancer 2010;116:4440-9. V C 2010 American Cancer Society.KEYWORDS: translational research, evidence-based medicine, research and technology, organization and delivery of care, quality of care.Clinical research and medicine have entered a time of great promise, but they also are faced with new challenges. The rapid acceleration of basic science, including advances in genomics and proteomics, are elucidating mechanisms of disease, yielding new methods to identify and potentially treat abnormalities, and effectively are transforming acute diseases into chronic diseases. These advances signify substantial progress in our national research endeavor; however, they simultaneously are reshaping not only the entire clinical research system but also our healthcare delivery system and the practice of clinical medicine. The pace and volume of medical discoveries and evolving clinical practice and corresponding policy require the development of new evidence in comparative effectiveness and outcomes, which recently have experienced tremendous increases in investment through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and other substantial efforts. 1,2 Thus, as we proceed through this transformation and face new research and clinical practice demands, the question of how best to improve the translation of clinical research into clinical practice remains unanswered, and the substantial discovery-delivery gap remains.The National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the NIH Roadmap Initiative (the Roadmap) to address these challenges and other needs in the scientific community. 3 Through the Roadmap, as 1 means of restructuring its clinical research enterprise, the NIH is exploring practice-based research networks (PBRNs) to pursue the twin goals of accelerating science and facilitating the translation of research into practice. [4][5][6]