Current Opinion on the Role of Neurogenesis in the Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer Disease, Parkinson Disease, and Ischemic Stroke; Considering Neuronal Voiding Function

Abstract

Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson, and ischemic stroke have increased in occurrence and become important health issues throughout the world. There is currently no effective therapeutic strategy for addressing neurological deficits after the development of these major neurological disorders. In recent years, it has become accepted that adult neural stem cells located in the subventricular and subgranular zones have the ability to proliferate and differentiate in order to replace lost or damaged neural cells. There have been many limitations in the clinical application of both endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis for neurological disorders. However, many studies have investigated novel mechanisms in neurogenesis and have shown that these limitations can potentially be overcome with appropriate stimulation and various approaches. We will review concepts related to possible therapeutic strategies focused on the perspective of neurogenesis for the treatment of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, and ischemic stroke based on current reports.

Microglia‐targeted stem cell therapies for Alzheimer disease: A preclinical data review

“…For instance, microglia‐like cells have been generated from iPSC in vitro (Pandya et al, ; Muffat et al, ), indicating that reduced resident microglial cells in AD brain might be replenished by transplanted stem cells. Moreover, it is well established that the widespread loss of neurons strongly correlates with deficient neurogenesis in AD (Han, Lee, & Koh, ), and one study has demonstrated that anti‐inflammatory cytokines released by microglia could promote endogenous neurogenesis in AD mice (Kim J. A., et al, ), suggesting that stem cell therapies would boost neurogenesis through immunomodulation.…”

Molecular Targets Involved in the Neuroprotection Mediated by Terpenoids

“…In the last years, the role of neurogenesis as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases has been investigated [5,54]. The adult brain is capable of generating new neurons from self-renewing and multipotent adult neuronal stem cells in the dentate gyrus in order to replace lost or damaged neuronal cells.…”

“…Its incidence is between 10 and 50/100 000 person per year, with a prevalence between 100 and 300/100 000 population. Both incidence and prevalence increase progressively after 60 years of age [3][4][5].…”

The Secretion from Neural Stem Cells Pretreated with Lycopene Protects against tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide‐Induced Neuron Oxidative Damage

“…Compelling evidence has established that neural stem cells (NSCs) exert a substantial beneficial and therapeutic effect after transplantation in experimental neurodegeneration disease models. NSCs repair damaged tissue not only by physically replacing cells but also by secreting neurotrophic or immune modulatory factors [ 14 , 15 ]. In oxygen-deprived conditions, NSCs constitutively produce and secrete neurotrophic factors and hormones, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).…”