Current Pharmacological Treatment Options for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review

Nicolò, Massimo; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro; Vagge, Aldo; Traverso, Carlo Enrico

doi:10.3390/ph13100264

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 99 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, the role of inflammation has been thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of CSC. 75 The previous study demonstrated that the cause of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability in CSC may be inflammation and free radicals. 11 Besides, the disruption of BRB may cause further inflammation resulting in a protracted disease course and the detachment of the neurosensory retina.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Melatonin prevents experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in rats

Cui

et al. 2022

Journal of Pineal Research

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Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a vision‐threatening disease with no validated treatment and unclear pathogenesis. It is characterized by dilation and leakage of choroidal vasculature, resulting in the accumulation of subretinal fluid, and serous detachment of the neurosensory retina. Numerous studies have demonstrated that melatonin had multiple protective effects against endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and blood–retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown. However, the effect of melatonin on CSC, and its exact pathogenesis, is not well understood thus far. In this study, an experimental model was established by intravitreal injection of aldosterone in rats, which mimicked the features of CSC. Our results found that melatonin administration in advance significantly inhibited aldosterone‐induced choroidal thickening and vasodilation by reducing the expression of calcium‐activated potassium channel KCa2.3, and attenuated tortuosity of choroid vessels. Moreover, melatonin protected the BRB integrity and prevented the decrease in tight junction protein (ZO‐1, occludin, and claudin‐1) levels in the rat model induced by aldosterone. Additionally, the data also showed that intraperitoneal injection of melatonin in advance inhibited aldosterone‐induced macrophage/microglia infiltration, and remarkably diminished the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], IL‐1β, and cyclooxygenase‐2), chemokines (chemokine C–C motif ligand 3, and C–X–C motif ligand 1), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐2 and MMP‐9). Luzindole, as the nonselective MT1 and MT2 antagonist, and 4‐phenyl‐2‐propionamidotetraline, as the selective MT2 antagonist, neutralized the melatonin‐induced inhibition of choroidal thickening and choroidal vasodilation, indicating that melatonin might exert the effects via binding to its receptors. Furthermore, the IL‐17A/nuclear factor‐κB signaling pathway was activated by intravitreal administration of aldosterone, while it was suppressed in melatonin‐treated in advance rat eyes. This study indicates that melatonin could serve as a promising safe therapeutic strategy for CSC patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Melatonin prevents experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in rats

Cui

et al. 2022

Journal of Pineal Research

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“…Singlet oxygen is short-lived and therefore remains active only in a thin layer of a few millimeters above AMC and cannot accumulate in the environment [ 31 ]. Singlet oxygen has been safely applied in medicine, such as for photodynamic treatment of tumors and age-related macular disease of the retina, for many years [ 62 , 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Coatings Reduce the Microbial Burden on Environmental Surfaces in Public Transportation—A Field Study in Buses

Kalb

Bäßler

Schneider-Brachert

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Millions of people use public transportation daily worldwide and frequently touch surfaces, thereby producing a reservoir of microorganisms on surfaces increasing the risk of transmission. Constant occupation makes sufficient cleaning difficult to achieve. Thus, an autonomous, permanent, antimicrobial coating (AMC) could keep down the microbial burden on such surfaces. A photodynamic AMC was applied to frequently touched surfaces in buses. The microbial burden (colony forming units, cfu) was determined weekly and compared to equivalent surfaces in buses without AMC (references). The microbial burden ranged from 0–209 cfu/cm2 on references and from 0–54 cfu/cm2 on AMC. The means were 13.4 ± 29.6 cfu/cm2 on references and 4.5 ± 8.4 cfu/cm2 on AMC (p < 0.001). The difference in microbial burden on AMC and references was almost constant throughout the study. Considering a hygiene benchmark of 5 cfu/cm2, the data yield an absolute risk reduction of 22.6% and a relative risk reduction of 50.7%. In conclusion, photodynamic AMC kept down the microbial burden, reducing the risk of transmission of microorganisms. AMC permanently and autonomously contributes to hygienic conditions on surfaces in public transportation. Photodynamic AMC therefore are suitable for reducing the microbial load and closing hygiene gaps in public transportation.

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“…Singlet oxygen is short-lived and therefore remains active only in a thin layer of a few millimeters above AMC and cannot accumulate in the environment [45]. Singlet oxygen is safely applied in medicine like for photodynamic treatment of tumors and age-related macular disease of the retina for many years [46,47].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Coatings Reduce the Microbial Burden on Environmental Surfaces in Public Transportation - a Field Study in Buses

Kalb¹,

Bäßler²,

Schneider-Brachert³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Millions of people use public transportation daily worldwide and frequently touch surfaces, thereby producing a reservoir of microorganisms on surfaces increasing the risk of transmission. Constant occupation makes sufficient cleaning difficult to achieve. Thus, an autonomous, perma-nent antimicrobial coating (AMC) could keep down the microbial burden on such surfaces. A photodynamic AMC was applied to frequently touched surfaces in buses. The microbial burden (colony forming units, cfu) was determined weekly and compared to equivalent surfaces in buses without AMC (references). The microbial burden ranged from 0 – 209 cfu/cm² on references and from 0 – 54 cfu/cm² on AMC. The means were 13.4 ± 29.6 cfu/cm² on references and 4.5 ± 8.4 cfu/cm² on AMC (p<0.001). The difference of microbial burden on AMC and references was al-most constant throughout the study. Considering a hygiene benchmark of 5 cfu/cm², the data yield an absolute risk reduction of 22.6 % and a relative risk reduction of 50.7 %. In conclusion, photo-dynamic AMC kept down the microbial burden, reducing the risk of transmission of microor-ganisms. AMC permanently and autonomously contributes to hygienic conditions on surfaces in public transportation. Photodynamic AMC therefore are suitable for reducing the microbial load and closing hygiene gaps in public transportation.

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Current Pharmacological Treatment Options for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Review

Cited by 17 publications

References 99 publications

Melatonin prevents experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in rats

Melatonin prevents experimental central serous chorioretinopathy in rats

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Coatings Reduce the Microbial Burden on Environmental Surfaces in Public Transportation—A Field Study in Buses

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Coatings Reduce the Microbial Burden on Environmental Surfaces in Public Transportation - a Field Study in Buses

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