Current Pollution and Odor Control Technologies for Poultry Production

Abstract

Concentrated poultry production has resulted in pollution of water by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and air due to ammonia (NH 3 ), odors and dust within the poultry barns. Chemical additives containing calcium (Ca), aluminum (Al), or iron (Fe) reduce NH 3 emissions 35 to 99% and soluble P 31to 95%, depending on the chemical and concentration used. Poultry feed manipulation methods for reducing N and P contents in poultry manure involve reducing protein contents and supplementing with synthetic amino acid to reduce N excretion up to 29.14%. Reducing soluble P contents in broiler diets (40% of NRC requirements) during the withdrawal period reduced soluble P contents in the manure. Enzyme supplements in poultry feed improve dry matter digestibility and phytic P utilization from grain diets, thereby reducing P content in manure. Litter materials increase carbon content of manure and sawdust has specifically been found to reduce the nitrogen in manure by 21%. Covers reduce odor production (impermeable covers by 70^85% and permeable covers by 45^85%) from manure storage areas. Filter systems reduce dust production and accompanying odors by 80% from poultry barns. Certain land application techniques of manure reduce odor and ammonia by 90%. Ozone lowers NH 3 levels in poultry buildings up to 25% and also eliminates pathogens. Mixing fly ash with manure reduces soluble P contents in stockpiled manure up to 85% and composted manure up to 93%. Addition of vitamin D alone to poultry feed improves phytate P retention from 31to 68%, while use with phytase improved retention to 79%. Using combinations of the methods would maximize their effectiveness.

Technologies to mitigate the environmental impact of broiler production

“…Em muitos países são utilizados métodos químicos para reduzir a carga microbiana da cama e em parte diminuir a volatilização da amônia (Nahm 2003b;Paganini, 2004;Williams et al, 2004). Os métodos químicos incluem desinfectantes, alcalinizantes e acidificantes.…”

“…Várias tecnologias estão sendo desenvolvidas o em fase inicial de implementação para minimizar o impacto ambiental da produção avícola (Nahm, 2003b. A maioria enfoca em reduzir as emissões de amônia, outros gases e odores, na redução da solubilidade do fósforo da cama.…”

“…A aplicação de ozônio (O 3 ) no ar dos galpões tem sido mencionada com uma tecnologia prometedora para reduzir as emissões de amônia, a poeira, odores e microorganismos no ambiente dos galpões de aves (Yokoyama et al, 2000;Nahm, 2003b. O ozônio tem sido utilizado para purificar água por mais de um século (Debevec, 1990).…”

“…Este resíduo industrial pode ser utilizado a muito baixo custo para reduzir a solubilidade do fósforo na cama de frangos (Nahm, 2003b). Zhang et al (2004) concluiu que a aplicação de 250 g de "fly ash" por quilograma de cama reduziam o fósforo solúvel em 80%, transformando o P solúvel em água a solúvel em bicarbonato, o qual é ainda disponível para as plantas.…”

Strategies to control odours in livestock facilities: a critical review

“…For every odour control strategy, it is necessary to consider the costs and the desired mitigation level, as well as the applicability to the overall farm management (Powers, 1999;Ullman et al, 2004). Also, it must be accepted that only a partial reduction of odours can be achieved (Nahm, 2003). Three main ways are possible to minimize odour impact from livestock houses: reducing odour formation, using end of pipe techniques and enhancing dispersion.…”