Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe

Marquette, Catherine M.

doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(97)00019-3

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These independent approaches paint a remarkably similar picture, each identifying a period of rapid, peaking expansion of HIV-1C in Zimbabwe in the 1980s. Potential explanations for the observed slowing in the rate of the epidemic after 1990 include a decrease in the number of susceptible individuals, reducing the epidemic reproductive rate, as well as a 6-year nationwide drought, which heightened food insecurity and decreased overall economic output in Zimbabwe [41,42]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and molecular epidemiology of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe

Dalai

Oliveira

Harkins

et al. 2009

Aids

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Objective To investigate the origins and evolutionary history of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe in a context of regional conflict and migration. Design HIV-1C pol sequence datasets were generated from four sequential cohorts of antenatal women in Harare, Zimbabwe sampled over 15 years (1991–2006). Methods One hundred and seventy-seven HIV-1C pol sequences were obtained from four successive cohorts in Zimbabwe. Maximum-likelihood methods were used to explore phylogenetic relationships between Zimbabwean HIV-1C sequences and subtype C strains from other regions. A Bayesian coalescent-based framework was used to estimate evolutionary parameters for HIV-1C in Zimbabwe, including origin and demographic growth patterns. Results Zimbabwe HIV-1C pol demonstrated increasing sequence divergence over the 15-year period. Nearly all Zimbabwe sequences clustered phylogenetically with subtype C strains from neighboring countries. Bayesian evolutionary analysis indicated a most recent common ancestor date of 1973 with three epidemic growth phases: an initial slow phase (1970s) followed by exponential growth (1980s), and a linearly expanding epidemic to the present. Bayesian trees provided evidence for multiple HIV-1C introductions into Zimbabwe during 1979–1981, corresponding with Zimbabwean national independence following a period of socio-political instability. Conclusion The Zimbabwean HIV-1C epidemic likely originated from multiple introductions in the late 1970s and grew exponentially during the 1980s, corresponding to changing political boundaries and rapid population influx from neighboring countries. The timing and phylogenetic clustering of the Zimbabwean sequences is consistent with an origin in southern Africa and subsequent expansion. HIV-1 sequence data contain important epidemiological information, which can help focus treatment and prevention strategies in light of more recent political volatility in Zimbabwe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and molecular epidemiology of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe

Dalai

Oliveira

Harkins

et al. 2009

Aids

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“…A major factor is the severe drought in 1983, resulting in a signifi cant drop of corn and soybean yields. According to the FAO statistics, beef yields have stagnated since the hyper-infl ation and outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (Marquette 1997 ;Matondi, 2012b ). But due to the reduction of smallholder support, and maybe the decline of agricultural R&D as well (Eicher 1995 ), fertilizer use and crop yields declined in the late 1980s and the 1990s.…”

Section: Example: Developments and Driving Factors In Zimbabwementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of driving factors for yield and productivity developments in crop and cattle production as key to increasing sustainable biomass potentials

Gerssen‐Gondelach

Wicke

Faaij

2015

Food and Energy Security

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The sustainable production potential of biomass for energy and material purposes largely depends on the future availability of surplus agricultural lands made available through yield improvements in crop and livestock production. However, the rates at which yields may develop, and the influence of technological, economic and institutional factors on these growth rates are key uncertainties in assessing the potentials and impacts of biomass production. This study analyzes the pace and direction of historical yield developments (1961–2010) of five major crops, beef and cow milk in Australia, Brazil, China, India, USA, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, and examines the driving factors behind these developments. In addition, it explores how future yields are modeled and how modeling efforts may be improved. Average yield growth rates over the investigated period ranged in most cases between 0.7–1.6% year−1 for crops, 1.0–1.5% year−1 for milk, and 0.4–0.8% year−1 for beef (relative to 2010). The role of different drivers is region specific. Yet, supporting agricultural policies have played an important role in increasing yields in all countries, especially for crops. In cattle production, a key factor was the importance of commercial beef and milk production for the national or export market. Based on regional differences in drivers and yield developments, models that assess biomass potentials and impacts should take into account regional drivers, yield gaps, and potential policy pathways.

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“…SAPs, in effect market-oriented restructuring programs, have intensified class and gender inequalities in Africa, Asia and elsewhere by necessitating changes to health services, education, employment and so on (Çağatay et al 1995). For instance, the introduction of structural adjustment to Zimbabwe adversely affected health, employment and wages, and food security and as such impacted negatively on the poor in general (Marquette 1997) and on women in particular (Kanji 1995). Meanwhile, in Nigeria, it has been suggested that women factory workers have faced worsening working conditions attributed to the 'cheap' and 'flexible' labor patterns that SAPs can tend to encourage and prioritise (Tsikata and Kerr 2000: 22).…”

Section: Capturing 'Hybrid' Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance and Non-compliance with International Human Rights Standards: Overplaying the Cultural

Walsh

2008

Hum Rights Rev

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This paper interrogates a 'positive' view of culture's (potential) role in widening compliance with international human rights standards, which (1) concentrates on the 'cultural' bases of conflict over rights and, in consequence, (2) focuses primarily on cultural interpretation as a means of achieving greater respect for rights norms. The thrust of the paper is that the relationship between culture and human rights norms is much more complex than this positive perspective implies and, this being so, that some of its claims about the potential benefits of cultural interpretation for widening rights compliance are hard to sustain. I substantiate this argument by exploring five challenges to this approach.

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Current poverty, structural adjustment, and drought in Zimbabwe

Cited by 40 publications

References 3 publications

Evolution and molecular epidemiology of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe

Evolution and molecular epidemiology of subtype C HIV-1 in Zimbabwe

Assessment of driving factors for yield and productivity developments in crop and cattle production as key to increasing sustainable biomass potentials

Compliance and Non-compliance with International Human Rights Standards: Overplaying the Cultural

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