Current Progress, Challenges and Prospects in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines

Zhu, Congrui; Pang, Shengmei; Liu, Jiaqi; Duan, Qiangde

doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02013-8

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 195 publications

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“…The effectiveness of full vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection was estimated to be from 70.4% by the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222; Oxford-AstraZeneca) to 95% by the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). When the prevention of hospitalization and Vaccines 2024, 12, 553 2 of 17 intensive care unit admission and severe disease were assessed, the effectiveness of vaccination ranged between 89 and 93% [3][4][5]. The WHO suggested that a clear demonstration of efficacy should be a minimum criterion for any acceptable COVID-19 vaccine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection

Andreu-Ballester,

Galindo-Regal,

Cuéllar

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest global health problem in the last hundred years. The efficacy of the vaccine to protect against severe disease is estimated to be 70–95% according to the studies carried out, although there are aspects of the immune response to the vaccine that remain unclear. Methods: Humoral and cellular immunity after the administration of three doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech and Oxford AstraZeneca vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 over one year and the appearance of post-vaccination COVID-19 were studied. SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies, αβ and γδ T-cell subsets, and their differentiation stages and apoptosis were analyzed. Results: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies showed a progressive increase throughout the duration of the study. This increase was the greatest after the third dose. The highest levels were observed in subjects who had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies prior to vaccination. There was an increase in CD4+ αβ, CD8+ γδ and TEM CD8+ γδ T cells, and a decrease in apoptosis in CD4+ CD8+ and CD56+ αβ and γδ T cells. Post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection was greater than 60%. The symptoms of COVID-19 were very mild and were related to a γδ T cell deficit, specifically CD8+ TEMRA and CD56+ γδ TEM, as well as lower pre-vaccine apoptosis levels. Conclusions: The results unveil the important role of γδ T cells in SARS-CoV-2-vaccine-mediated protection from the disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection

Andreu-Ballester,

Galindo-Regal,

Cuéllar

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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A review of the scientific literature on experimental toxicity studies of COVID-19 vaccines, with special attention to publications in toxicology journals

Domingo

2024

Arch Toxicol

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Since the reports of the first cases of COVID-19, in less than 5 years, a huge number of documents regarding that disease and the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the infection, have been published. The tremendous number of scientific documents covers many topics on different issues directly related to COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. The number of articles—including reviews—reporting adverse/side effects of the approved COVID-19 vaccines is considerable. A wide range of adverse/side effects have been reported in humans after COVID-19 vaccination: thrombotic events/thrombocytopenia, myocarditis/pericarditis, cutaneous reactions, immune-mediated effects, psychiatric adverse events, systemic lupus erythematosus, reproductive toxicity, and other miscellaneous adverse effects. In contrast, information on nonclinical studies conducted to assess the potential toxicity/adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccines in laboratory animals, is comparatively very scarce. The present review was aimed at revising the scientific literature regarding the studies in laboratory animals on the toxic/adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines. In addition, the investigations reported in those specific toxicology journals with the highest impact factors have been examined one by one. The results of the present review indicate that most nonclinical/experimental studies on the adverse/toxic effects of the COVID-19 vaccines and/or potential candidates showed—in general terms—a good safety profile. Only in some animal studies were certain adverse effects found. However, a rather surprising result has been the limited number of available (in the databases PubMed and Scopus) nonclinical studies performed by the companies that have been the largest manufacturers of mRNA vaccines in the world. It is assumed that these studies have been conducted. However, they have not been published in scientific journals, which does not allow the judgment of the international scientific community, including toxicologists.

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Design of the conserved epitope peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine

Chang,

Li,

Chao

et al. 2024

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Our previous study has found that monoclonal antibodies targeting a conserved epitope peptide spanning from residues 1144 to 1156 of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, namely S(1144–1156), can broadly neutralize all of the prevalent SARS-CoV-2 strains, including the wild type, Alpha, Epsilon, Delta, and Gamma variants. In the study, S(1144–1156) was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and formulated with Montanide ISA 51 adjuvant for inoculation in BALB/c mice to study its potential as a vaccine candidate. Results showed that the titers of S protein-specific IgGs and the neutralizing antibodies in mouse sera against various SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the Omicron sublineages, were largely induced along with three doses of immunization. The significant release of IFN-γ and IL-2 was also observed by ELISpot assays through stimulating vaccinated mouse splenocytes with the S(1144–1156) peptide. Furthermore, the vaccination of the S(1143–1157)- and S(1142–1158)-EGFP fusion proteins can elicit more SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in mouse sera than the S(1144–1156)-EGFP fusion protein. Interestingly, the antisera collected from mice inoculated with the S(1144–1156) peptide vaccine exhibited better efficacy for neutralizing Omicron BA.2.86 and JN.1 subvariants than Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and XBB subvariants. Since the amino acid sequences of the S(1144–1156) are highly conserved among various SARS-CoV-2 variants, the immunogen containing the S(1144–1156) core epitope can be designed as a broadly effective COVID-19 vaccine. Key points • Inoculation of mice with the S(1144–1156) peptide vaccine can induce bnAbs against various SARS-CoV-2 variants. • The S(1144–1156) peptide stimulated significant release of IFN-γ and IL-2 in vaccinated mouse splenocytes. • The S(1143–1157) and S(1142–1158) peptide vaccines can elicit more SARS-CoV-2 nAbs in mice.

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Current Progress, Challenges and Prospects in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines

Cited by 7 publications

References 195 publications

A Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection

A Low Number of Baselines γδ T Cells Increases the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Infection

A review of the scientific literature on experimental toxicity studies of COVID-19 vaccines, with special attention to publications in toxicology journals

Design of the conserved epitope peptide of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as the broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine

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