This article discusses missionary recruitment strategies from the perspective of missionary medicalwork in southeastern Nigeria. In otherwords, it examines missionary use of medical services as the bait to catch converts. Furthermore, the essay discusses the link between disease, missionary medicine, and Christian conversion. Attention is given to the roleofculturein the conversion process, as well as to the impact of missionary and colonial medical services on African health care systems. The study is based largely on archival mission sources, includingCatholic and Protestant archival materials collectedfrom missionary societies in England, France, Rome, and Nigeria. Finally, it looksat the Catholic and Protestant strugglefor dominance via the provision ofmedicalservices, and thepersistence of traditional African health caresystemsdespite missionary and colonial iconoclastic tendencies.