Current Scenario and Future Perspectives of CPV-2 Vaccines in India

Abstract

| Canine parvovirus causes acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in canines. It is prone to genetic evolution and has undergone several mutations that have led to various antigenic variants of CPV-2.Vaccination is the most cost-effective and ideal method to control the canine parvovirus infections. Both live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are available to control the disease in animals. Vaccines used during the late 1970s and early 1980s were of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) origin, which was followed by the use of inactivated and live attenuated vaccines of CPV-2 canine origin. Hightiter and low-passage CPV vaccines containing a canine-origin attenuated virus are currently considered vaccines-ofchoice for use in pups of any breed. Vaccination is likely to be successful when the maternal antibody titer has declined to less than 1:10. Titers below 1:40 are variably protective, but they may interfere with vaccination. Strain difference between field virus and vaccine candidate virus could be one of the important attributable reasons for immunization failure in the country. The high rate of infection in both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs raise questions on relevance of the present day vaccines, which in most countries contain old variants. Though some believe that the heterologous protection offered by these old strains against the new variants is good enough, a growing proportion think that the time has come to manufacture vaccines incorporating the variants prevalent in a country.

Changes in Mass Treatment of the Canine Parvovirus ICU Population in Relation to Public Policy Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…This is also difficult to assess, though future studies may examine if there was a decrease in the number of dogs born in the first months of 2020. However, when accounting for the typical two-month gestation period [ 42 ] and the notion that maternal antibodies may provide protection for a short period after birth [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], this explanation leaves little time for the onset of COVID-19 policies in the United States (mid-March 2020) to produce a maximum effect of decreased CPV-vulnerable populations in mid-May 2020, as observed. Similarly, reductions in pet acquisitions in the early portions of the pandemic could potentially explain a decrease in CPV infections, though further studies would need to examine this more holistically.…”

Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from poultry of different farms of Rajasthan, India

“…In most of the reports, E. coli is the most predominant bacteria isolated from poultry [6][7][8][9] . O83, O149, and O120 were also predominant serotypes isolated from northern India indicating a prevalence of the similar types of serotypes in northern and western India 10,11 .…”

“…The sensitivity patterns of K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa indicates that with time the resistance of these bacteria is increasing towards antibiotics because those antibiotic agents which were earlier showing sensitivity are now 100% resistant 8,27 .…”