Current situation of pharmaceutical wastewater around the globe

Masood, Ahmad Saud; Ali, Sajid; Manzar, Mohammad Saood; Khan, N. A.; Khan, Afzal Husain

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99160-5.00013-8

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…On the other hand, • OH primarily adds to the aromatic ring through RAF, resulting in the formation of HCHD radicals, which then transform into aromatic radical cations through acid-catalyzed elimination of water. In the presence of adequate SO 4 • – and • OH, HCHD radicals react with oxygen to produce the HCHD–peroxyl radical (ROO • ), which, in turn, engages in further reactions with other organic molecules or radicals, initiating the oxidation and degradation of organic molecules and ultimately leading to mineralization. , If the concentration of ROS is inadequate, R • or R • –OH will be engaged in the radical polymerization reaction, regulated by the concentration of oxidants and organic species. The aromatic radical cations undergo electron and H elimination to form radical monomers, leading to the formation of aromatic radicals [e.g., phenoxy radical (PhO • )], which serve as crucial intermediate species for subsequent coupling and polymerization reactions .…”

Section: Radical-based Aop-induced Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Chen,

Ren,

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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This perspective presents the latest advancements in selective polymerization pathways in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for removal of featured organic pollutants in wastewater. In radical-based homogeneous reactions, SO 4• − -based systems exhibit superior oxidative activity toward aromatics with electron-donating substituents via single electron transfer and radical adduct formation (RAF). The produced organic radical cations subsequently undergo coupling and polymerization reactions to produce polymers. For • OH-based oxidation, metal ions facilitate the production of monomer radicals via RAF. Additionally, heterogeneous catalysts can mediate both coupling and polymerization reactions via persulfate activation without generating inorganic radicals. Metal-based catalysts will mediate a direct oxidation pathway toward polymerization. In contrast, carbon-based catalysts will induce coupling reactions to produce low-molecular-weight oligomers (≤4 units) via an electron transfer process. In comparison to mineralization, polymerization pathways remarkably reduce peroxide usage, quickly separate pollutants from the aqueous phase, and generate polymeric byproducts. Thus, AOP-driven polymerization systems hold significant promise in reducing carbon emission and realizing carbon recycling in water treatment processes.

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Section: Radical-based Aop-induced Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Chen,

Ren,

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…These are the main reactions involved in the decomposition of H 2 O 2 , but the process is much more complicated, involving other secondary reactions, such as radicals with an auto-scavenging tendency and the generation of organic radicals [ 21 , 22 ]. Although the Fenton oxidation process is a high-performance process, it presents a multitude of disadvantages, such as a need for pH adjustment [ 23 ], high costs due to the addition of H 2 O 2 [ 24 ], and a large amount of sludge with iron content is produced [ 23 ], coupled as well with the H 2 O 2 degradation in the case of its storage. Due to these inconveniences, new methods of oxidative degradation of organic pollutants, such as photocatalytic ones, were desired.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

Berbentea,

Ciopec,

Duteanu

et al. 2024

Toxics

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The need to develop advanced wastewater treatment techniques and their use has become a priority, the main goal being the efficient removal of pollutants, especially those of organic origin. This study presents the photo-degradation of a pharmaceutical wastewater containing Kabi cytarabine, using ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and a synthesized catalyst, a composite based on bismuth and iron oxides (BFO). The size of the bandgap was determined by UV spectroscopy, having a value of 2.27 eV. The specific surface was determined using the BET method, having a value of 0.7 m2 g−1. The material studied for the photo-degradation of cytarabine presents a remarkable photo-degradation efficiency of 97.9% for an initial concentration 0f 10 mg/L cytarabine Kabi when 0.15 g of material was used, during 120 min of interaction with UV radiation at 3 cm from the irradiation source. The material withstands five photo-degradation cycles with good results. At the same time, through this study, it was possible to establish that pyrimidine derivatives could be able to combat infections caused by Escherichia coli and Candida parapsilosis.

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Oxidative degradation of glycine in aqueous KOH/K₂CO₃ solutions for CO₂ capture

Ochedi,

Andresen,

van der Spek

2024

Greenhouse Gases

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Potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate, being cost‐effective and environmentally friendly CO2 capture solvents, are promising candidates for carbon capture applications. Their slow absorption kinetics, however, necessitate strategies to enhance their rates, thereby reducing the capital costs of absorption equipment and saving energy for regenerating large volumes of solvent. Glycine, a potential additive, is explored for this purpose. While glycine‐based solvents are more stable than MEA, their amino functional group renders them susceptible to oxidative degradation. This study investigates the degradation of these solvents and the influence of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate on their stability. The experiment was performed under 100% O2 at 90 °C and 3 bar for about 3 weeks. It was observed that glycinate degraded by 53% for the glycinate‐only solution. The results also show that the addition of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate to a glycinate‐only solution had a mixed effect on the degradation of glycinate. Potassium hydroxide increased degradation by 5% compared to the glycinate‐only solution, while potassium carbonate decreased degradation by 4%. This order is supported by the degradation rate constants. Meanwhile, under N2, no significant change was observed in glycine concentration. Glycine's susceptibility to oxidative degradation is likely attributed to its less compact and rigid structure, resulting in weaker bonding and increased vulnerability to external factors. This instability leads to the formation of formate, carbonate, acetate, and oxalate as the primary degradation products across all studied solutions. A proposed mechanism for glycinate oxidative degradation sheds light on this process. These findings are crucial for informed decision making regarding performance trade‐offs in point source carbon capture and direct air capture, where oxygen is a prevalent gas component and potassium‐based solutions are commonly employed as absorbents. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Current situation of pharmaceutical wastewater around the globe

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

Oxidative degradation of glycine in aqueous KOH/K₂CO₃ solutions for CO₂ capture

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Current situation of pharmaceutical wastewater around the globe

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Transformative Removal of Aqueous Micropollutants into Polymeric Products by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Advanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Cytarabine from Pharmaceutical Wastewaters

Oxidative degradation of glycine in aqueous KOH/K2CO3 solutions for CO2 capture

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Product

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Oxidative degradation of glycine in aqueous KOH/K₂CO₃ solutions for CO₂ capture