matched by synthetic fibers. Therefore, the demand on natural and fabricated cellulosic fibers is expected to continue and rise. The production of cotton, however, is not expected to meet this demand because of restrictions on farmland use and availability of irrigation water. [3] Anticipating the so-called "the cellulosic fiber gap," [1] the textile industry currently leads several initiatives for developing fibers that can complement cotton. [3] Consequently, there is incitement and opportunities for an increase in use of cellulose from other sources, in particular wood, and increased interest in physical (i.e., mechanical) and chemical recycling (CR) of biopolymers. [4] Production of fibers and other artifacts from cellulose extracted from wood involves chemical or physical dissolution of the biopolymer, followed by its regeneration in the desired physical form in an appropriate bath. The most important example of cellulose chemical dissolution (i.e., via covalent bond formation) is the viscose rayon fiber, produced by regeneration of cellulose from its xanthate in acid bath. The Lyocell fiber process involves, however, physical dissolution of cellulose in N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) hydrate, followed by regeneration in an aqueous bath. [5] Cellulose regeneration is not restricted to formation of fibers. The biopolymer and its derivatives, in particular esters, can be "shaped" into other physical forms including spheres of different diameters (down to the nanoscale), films produced by casting and spin coating, and nonwoven mats produced by electrospinning or solution blowing. This review covers some recent advances of the regeneration of cellulose from alkali solutions and ionic solvents, in particular those based on imidazole, quaternary ammonium electrolytes (QAEs), and salts of heterocyclic super-bases. We refer to these ionic solvents collectively as ionic liquids (ILs). Representative examples of the ILs employed for cellulose dissolution are shown in Figure 1. These solvents dissolve cellulose samples of a wide range of degrees of polymerization (DPs) and indices of crystallinity (Ics). For practical reasons, binary mixtures of ILs with molecular solvents (MSs) are used alongside pure ILs. This use is advantageous because of the concomitant decrease in solution viscosity; there are many examples where the binary solvent mixture dissolves more cellulose than the parent pure IL. [5] Strategies to mitigate the expected "cellulose gap" include increased use of wood cellulose, fabric reuse, and recycling. Ionic liquids (ILs) are employed for cellulose physical dissolution and shaping in different forms. This review focuses on the regeneration of dissolved cellulose as nanoparticles, membranes, nonwoven materials, and fibers. The solvents employed in these applications include ILs and alkali solutions without and with additives. Cellulose fibers obtained via the carbonate and carbamate processes are included. Chemical recycling (CR) of polycotton (cellulose plus poly(ethylene terephthalate)) is addressed...