Current State of Communal Sewage Treatment in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Andraka, Dariusz; Ospanov, Kairat; Myrzakhmetov, Menlibai

doi:10.12911/22998993/60463

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The real threat in the Republic of Kazakhstan are sewage storage ponds located near large cities and industrial centers (there are 540 such reservoirs). These sewage ponds often operate at the limit of capacity, and their construction and equipment are outdated, which increases the risk of failure and poses a threat not only to the environment, but also the health and life of people living nearby [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area

Ospanov¹,

Rakhimov²,

Myrzakhmetov³

et al. 2020

Water

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Due to geographical limitations (lack of natural receivers of treated wastewater) large sewage storage ponds are the main method of sewage disposal in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The paper presents the results of research on the environmental impact of sewage ponds serving the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan). The scope of the research included the determination of basic quality parameters of raw and treated wastewater, the analysis of the chemical composition of groundwater in the vicinity of sewage ponds, and the analysis of the water quality of the Tobol River. The obtained results showed that efficiency of treatment facilities was unsatisfactory and water quality in the ponds did not meet requirements for surface waters for fishery. Highest contamination of groundwater was observed in sampling points close to the sewage ponds and was decreasing while the distance from the ponds was increasing. Multivariate analysis of the research data indicated that sewage from storage ponds, infiltrating into the ground, may affect quality of groundwater, which in turn supplying the Tobol River may also determine the quality of the river water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area

Ospanov¹,

Rakhimov²,

Myrzakhmetov³

et al. 2020

Water

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“…This eutrophication is due to the increase of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, arising from human action, representing a serious risk to the health of living beings and drastically reducing water quality. To cope with this problem, the possibility of intensifying nitrogen and phosphorus removal using zeolite as a biofilm carrier in an activated sludge tank is examined [202].…”

Section: Toxin Exposure Pathways: Oral (Drinking Water)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanopeptides and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Nugumanova¹,

Ponomarev²,

Askarova³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…MCs and other toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria can enter the marine ecosystem via freshwater channels and outflows [ 10 , 218 ]. It changes the HABs’ management approach, requiring monitoring of multiple toxins across the freshwater-to-marine continuum and including cyanotoxins in marine and estuarine monitoring [ 220 ].…”

Section: Toxin Exposure Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freshwater Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanopeptides and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Nugumanova

Ponomarev

Askarova

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Cyanobacteria produce a wide range of structurally diverse cyanotoxins and bioactive cyanopeptides in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems. The health significance of these metabolites, which include genotoxic- and neurotoxic agents, is confirmed by continued associations between the occurrence of animal and human acute toxic events and, in the long term, by associations between cyanobacteria and neurodegenerative diseases. Major mechanisms related to the neurotoxicity of cyanobacteria compounds include (1) blocking of key proteins and channels; (2) inhibition of essential enzymes in mammalian cells such as protein phosphatases and phosphoprotein phosphatases as well as new molecular targets such as toll-like receptors 4 and 8. One of the widely discussed implicated mechanisms includes a misincorporation of cyanobacterial non-proteogenic amino acids. Recent research provides evidence that non-proteinogenic amino acid BMAA produced by cyanobacteria have multiple effects on translation process and bypasses the proof-reading ability of the aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase. Aberrant proteins generated by non-canonical translation may be a factor in neuronal death and neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that the production of cyanopeptides and non-canonical amino acids is a more general mechanism, leading to mistranslation, affecting protein homeostasis, and targeting mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. It can be evolutionarily ancient and initially developed to control phytoplankton communities during algal blooms. Outcompeting gut symbiotic microorganisms may lead to dysbiosis, increased gut permeability, a shift in blood-brain-barrier functionality, and eventually, mitochondrial dysfunction in high-energy demanding neurons. A better understanding of the interaction between cyanopeptides metabolism and the nervous system will be crucial to target or to prevent neurodegenerative diseases.

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Current State of Communal Sewage Treatment in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area

Assessment of the Impact of Sewage Storage Ponds on the Water Environment in Surrounding Area

Freshwater Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanopeptides and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Freshwater Cyanobacterial Toxins, Cyanopeptides and Neurodegenerative Diseases

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