Current state of the art and future directions for implantable sensors in medical technology: Clinical needs and engineering challenges

Abstract

Implantable sensors have revolutionized the way we monitor biophysical and biochemical parameters by enabling real-time closed-loop intervention or therapy. These technologies align with the new era of healthcare known as healthcare 5.0, which encompasses smart disease control and detection, virtual care, intelligent health management, smart monitoring, and decision-making. This review explores the diverse biomedical applications of implantable temperature, mechanical, electrophysiological, optical, and electrochemical sensors. We delve into the engineering principles that serve as the foundation for their development. We also address the challenges faced by researchers and designers in bridging the gap between implantable sensor research and their clinical adoption by emphasizing the importance of careful consideration of clinical requirements and engineering challenges. We highlight the need for future research to explore issues such as long-term performance, biocompatibility, and power sources, as well as the potential for implantable sensors to transform healthcare across multiple disciplines. It is evident that implantable sensors have immense potential in the field of medical technology. However, the gap between research and clinical adoption remains wide, and there are still major obstacles to overcome before they can become a widely adopted part of medical practice.

Advanced and personalized healthcare through integrated wearable sensors (versatile)

“…92 Having mentioned a few examples of implantable sensors, it is important to mention one of the key challenges associated with them. Since these devices provide continuous and real-time data wirelessly, they require significant power consumption, 93 and hence, research is ongoing for selfpowered biosensing systems. 94 The development of goods that are simple to incorporate into a person's lifestyle is necessary for wearable sensor technology to gain widespread acceptance.…”

“…92 Having mentioned a few examples of implantable sensors, it is important to mention one of the key challenges associated with them. Since these devices provide continuous and real-time data wirelessly, they require significant power consumption, 93 and hence, research is ongoing for selfpowered biosensing systems. 94 The development of goods that are simple to incorporate into a person's lifestyle is necessary for wearable sensor…”

An Optimal, Power Efficient, Internet of Medical Things Framework for Monitoring of Physiological Data Using Regression Models

“…The capability of pervasive patient monitoring is illustrated by the following examples, regardless of the broad spectrum of applications that these sensors can be utilized for. Pin pricks and blood draws for routine invasive testing can now be replaced with implantable sensors or wearable patches [ 21 ].…”

Approaches of wearable and implantable biosensor towards of developing in precision medicine

“…Continuous data streams from wearables serve as a foundation for baseline health, while implantable offer focused, in-depth information on specific parameters. Integrating this wealth of data through advanced analytics and artificial intelligence not only refines diagnostics but also enhances predictive modeling for treatment outcomes ( 6 ). The amalgamation of real-time, personalized data from these devices holds the promise of transforming healthcare from reactive to proactive, offering a future where medical interventions are precisely tailored to individual needs, optimizing outcomes, and improving the overall quality of life.…”