Current Status and Development of Submerged Friction Stir Welding: A Review

Rathinasuriyan, C.; Pavithra, E.; Sankar, R.; Kumar, V.S. Senthil

doi:10.1007/s40684-020-00187-6

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The most often wet welding processes are flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) [4] and manual metal arc welding (MMA) [5]. Nowadays scientists and industrial engineers try to implement the friction stir welding (FSW) and laser processing into the underwater conditions [6,7]. However, traditional welding processes are still the most common methods despite the problems caused by the water environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Electrode Waterproof Coating on Quality of Underwater Wet Welded Joints

Tomków

Fydrych

Wilk³

2020

Materials

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In this paper, the effects of different hydrophobic coatings on the surface of covered electrodes on the quality of wet welded carbon steel joints were discussed. Commonly available hydrophobic substances used in industrial applications were selected for the research. The aim of using waterproof coatings was to check the possibility to decreasing the susceptibility of high-strength low-alloy S460N steel to cold cracking. During experiments diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal determination by mercury method, metallographic macro- and microscopic testing and hardness measurements were performed. Investigations showed that waterproof coatings laid on covered electrodes can improve the quality of wet welded joints, by decreasing the Vickers HV10 hardness in heat-affected zone and decreasing the diffusible hydrogen content in deposited metal, which minimalize possibility of cold cracking.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Electrode Waterproof Coating on Quality of Underwater Wet Welded Joints

Tomków

Fydrych

Wilk³

2020

Materials

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“…The recorded and simulated results from thermocouples T2, T4, and T5 are presented in Figure 3e. Due to obtained results, the heat loss in the UFSW case was more than the FSW sample, which indicates higher cooling rates of the water environment compared to the air environment [65,66].…”

Section: Thermal Studymentioning

confidence: 79%

“…On the other hand, the recorded temperature by T3 indicated that diffused heat from the joint line in leading edge (LE) of tool at FSW case was more than the UFSW case. The internal heat flux of FSWed and UFSWed cases are presented in Figure 3 e. The recorded and simulated results from thermocouples T2, T4, and T5 are presented in Figure 3 e. Due to obtained results, the heat loss in the UFSW case was more than the FSW sample, which indicates higher cooling rates of the water environment compared to the air environment [ 65 , 66 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel

2021

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This article investigates the flow of materials and weld formation during underwater friction stir welding (UFSW) of low carbon steel. A thermo-mechanical model is used to understand the relation between frictional heat phenomena during the welding and weld properties. To better understand the effects of the water environment, the simulation and experimental results were compared with the sample prepared by the traditional friction stir welding (FSW) method. Simulation results from surface heat diffusion indicate a smaller preheated area in front of the FSW tool declined the total generated heat in the UFSWed case compared to the FSWed sample. The simulation results revealed that the strain rate of steel in the stir zone (SZ) of the FSWed joint is higher than in the UFSWed case. The microstructure of the welded sample shows that SZ’s microstructure at the UFSWed case is more refined than the FSWed case due to the higher cooling rate of the water environment. Due to obtained results, the maximum temperatures of FSWed and UFSWed cases were 1228 °C and 1008 °C. Meanwhile, the simulation results show 1200 °C and 970 °C for conventional and underwater FSW samples, respectively. The maximum material velocity in SZ predicted 0.40 m/s and 0.32 m/s for FSW and underwater FSWed samples. The better condition in the UFSW case caused the ultimate tensile strength of welded sample to increase ~20% compared to the FSW joint.

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“…[4][5][6][7][8] The strength of heat treatable aluminum alloys primarily depends on strengthening precipitates rather than grain size. 9 During FSW of these precipitate hardening aluminum alloys, the thermal cycle prevailing in the welded joint causes coarsening and dissolution of precipitates in thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) and heat-affected (HAZ). [10][11] Further, softening due to the weld thermal cycle weakens the welded joints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of in-process cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar AA2014 and AA7075 friction stir welded joints

Kumar

Upadhyay

Misra

et al. 2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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Heat-carrying capacity of a cooling medium is critical as it governs microstructure evolution and tensile properties during friction stir welding (FSW). In this research, three cooling techniques: conventional air-cooling (CAC), forced air-cooling (FAC), and water flow cooling (WFC), were employed to study the effect on microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar FSW of AA2014 and AA7075. In-process cooling significantly influenced weld microstructure, zone size, microhardness, and tensile properties, which varied with the cooling medium. Water flow cooling was the most effective cooling technique due to its higher heat carrying capacity than CAC and FAC. Water flow cooling resulted in a drastically refined grains structure of smaller size in all zones, had higher tensile strength, elongation, and heat-affected (HAZ) hardness than CAC and FAC. Greatly refined grain structure and less dissolution of precipitates in weld nugget zone (WNZ) along with smaller HAZ and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) are responsible for improved weld properties of WFC than the FAC and CAC. Forced air-cooling resulted in a higher microhardness value at WNZ, followed by WFC and CAC. Fractured surfaces of the tensile specimen were scrutinized by scanning electron microscope. Cooling did not affect the fracture side and location; however, fracture mode changed with cooling medium viz. ductile for FAC and WFC and mixed-mode for CAC.

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Current Status and Development of Submerged Friction Stir Welding: A Review

Cited by 41 publications

References 57 publications

Effect of Electrode Waterproof Coating on Quality of Underwater Wet Welded Joints

Effect of Electrode Waterproof Coating on Quality of Underwater Wet Welded Joints

Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Underwater Friction Stir Welding of Low Carbon Steel

Effect of in-process cooling on microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar AA2014 and AA7075 friction stir welded joints

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