Current Status of Cocoa Frosty Pod Rot Caused by Moniliophthora roreri and a Phylogenetic Analysis

Ore, Mariana D. Dorado; Romero-Cor, Teresa; Lopez-Pere, Pablo A.; Espa, Victor H. Perez; Ramirez-Le, Mario; Cuervo-Par, Jaime A.

doi:10.3923/ppj.2017.41.53

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

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“…The typical symptoms are necrotic flecks on the surface of cacao pods, which can be observed in the 60–80 days old pods. Thereafter, a dark brown stain with an irregular border that entirely covers the pod, pod malformation, and internal damage characterized by a dark brown fine powder (spores) over the cocoa beans and pulp can be observed when the infection has been developing for more than 110 days [ 4 ]. M. perniciosa has multiple penetration modes, mainly through trichomes and stomata.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Extracts with Antifungal Activity against Cocoa Pathogens

et al. 2023

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Ecuador is one of the major cocoa producers worldwide, but its productivity has lately been affected by diseases. Endophytic biocontrol agents have been used to minimize pathogenic effects; however, compounds produced by endophytes are minimally understood. This work presents the chemical characterization of the Trichoderma species extracts that proved inhibition against cocoa pathogens. Solid–liquid extraction was performed as a partitioning method using medium with the fungal mycelia of Trichoderma reesei (C2A), Trichoderma sp. (C3A), Trichoderma harzianum (C4A), and Trichoderma spirale (C10) in ethyl acetate individually. The extract of T. spirale (C10) exhibited the growth inhibition (32.97–47.02%) of Moniliophthora perniciosa at 10 µg/mL, while a slight stimulation of Moniliophthora roreri was shown by the extracts of T. reesei (C2A) and T. harzianum (C4A) at higher concentrations. The inhibitory activity could be related to alkaloids, lactones, quinones, flavonoids, triterpenes, and sterols, as indicated by chemical screening and antifungal compounds, such as widdrol, β-caryophyllene, tyrosol, butyl isobutyrate, sorbic acid, palmitic acid, palmitelaidic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid, which were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the extracts, particularly T. spirale (C10), have the potential as biocontrol agents against witches’ broom disease; however, further studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%