Current Status of Leptospirosis: A Zoonotic Tropical Disease

Kumbhare, Manoj Ramesh; Surana, Ajaykumar Rikhabchand; Arote, Rutuja Arjun; Borse, Gaurav Dnyaneshwar

doi:10.18689/ijmr-1000102

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The slight difference in the presentations may be due to infection by different species of Leptospira with different virulence factors. Leptospira interrogans has a global distribution and there are some subgroups that are mostly isolated in the Asia–Pacific regions [ 28 ]. In comparison, L. weilii is a less commonly encountered species that has been previously reported in Australia [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative Pathogenic Genes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira weilii Isolated from Patients with Acute Febrile Illness

et al. 2022

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Leptospirosis is an important worldwide tropical disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. The determination of virulence genes is important, as it influences patients’ clinical manifestations and clinical outcomes. This case report focused on detecting the pathogenic genes of Leptospira in association with the clinical manifestations of patients at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, who presented with acute febrile illness. Two cases were found and, to the best of our knowledge, these were the first two cases in Malaysia in which patients presented with febrile illness were associated with successful Leptospira isolation from clinical samples. Both clinical isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Leptospira weilii and Leptospira interrogans, respectively, and they were classified as pathogenic Leptospira by the presence of different pathogenic genes, based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of targeted genes. This report emphasizes that different infecting Leptospira species and the presence of different virulence factors cause a slight difference in clinical manifestations and laboratory findings of leptospirosis. Genomic sequencing and annotation revealed the detection of classical leptospiral virulence factor genes that were otherwise missed using PCR for detection of Leptospira weilii genome B208.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Putative Pathogenic Genes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira weilii Isolated from Patients with Acute Febrile Illness

et al. 2022

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“…Environment and climatic factors also influence the survival of organism in environment and thus its subsequent transmission. These factors include rainfall, humidity, ambient temperature, water retaining capacity of the soil, pH and salinity of the soil and surface waters and forest cover [42,43] . 7.…”

Section: Factors Favours Emergence Of Leptospirosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indian scenario leptospirosis is reported to be of endemic importance from many States of India. [42,43,47,48] . This was proved to be leptospirosis in 1994.…”

Section: Distribution Of Leptospira In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptospira: An emerging zoonotic pathogen of climate change, global warming and unplanned urbanization: A review

Dubey¹,

Singh²,

Gupta³

et al. 2021

J. Entomol. Zool. Stud.

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic infection with a much greater incidence in tropical regions and has now been identified as one of the emerging infectious diseases. The epidemiology of leptospirosis has been modified by changes in animal husbandry, climate and human behavior. Resurgent interest in leptospirosis has resulted from large outbreaks that have received significant publicity. The transmission cycle of leptospirosis involves maintenance hosts, carrier hosts, environment and human beings. The carrier animals in India include rats, pigs, cattle, bandicoots and dogs. Intervention strategies include vaccination, rodent control and improved environmental hygiene to eliminate possibility of water, soil and food contamination. Mass awareness or public education is of utmost importance. The development of simpler, rapid assays for diagnosis has been based largely on the recognition that early initiation of antibiotic therapy is important in acute disease but also on the need for assays which can be used more widely. The gold standard is microscopic agglutination test though serological studies are widely conducted for the diagnostic purpose. The antibiotics use for the treatment of leptospirosis includes oral doxycycline, azithromycin and penicillins. Among the parenteral therapy Intravenous penicillin G and third generation cephalosporins are used. We reviewed the clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leptospirosis in this study.

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“…Leptospirosis is the most common anthropozoonosis in the world. (Guerra, 2013; Karpagam & Ganesh, 2020; Kumbhare et al., 2019; Le Turnier & Epelboin, 2019; Sanhueza et al., 2020; Thibeaux et al., 2018; Vieira et al., 2006). Its prevalence is associated with chronic renal infection of domestic and wild animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of anti‐Leptospira antibodies in equines and associated workers—Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola from equine urine

Meny

Iglesias

Menéndez

et al. 2022

Zoonoses and Public Health

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To investigate seroprevalence of anti‐Leptospira antibodies in equines and associated workers in Uruguay, 891 equine and 150 human sera were drawn; 212 equine urine samples were also taken for culture. Environmental conditions and equine raising or managing practices were recorded in all 72 visited establishments; epidemiological information was obtained from each worker. Microscopic agglutination technique (MAT) was performed with 10 Leptospira strains for equines and 18 for human sera, that were also studied with IgM indirect immunofluorescence (IgM‐IIF). Equine titres ≥100 were considered positive, and human sera titres ≥200 suggested probable recent or past infection. Urines were cultured in Ellinghausen–McCullough–Johnson–Harris (EMJH) media; local identification of one obtained isolate with lipL32 PCR, Multiple Locus Variable number tandem repeat Analysis and partial rrs gene sequencing, were completed at Institut Pasteur, Paris. Estimated reactivity was 61.3% for equines, which was higher than the studied bovine national levels (21%) and mainly observed with Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup (40.3%), Sejroe, Canicola, Pomona or Ballum. Aged animals from slaughterhouses and cattle farms were the most frequently positive. Multiple regression analysis confirmed a significant association between seropositivity and equine age. Only one positive culture could be fully studied, and confirmed to be Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola; it was added to the MAT antigen panel and revealed fairly frequent reaction with equine and human sera. Three workers (2%) showed titres = 200 with Icterohaemorrhagiae or Canicola serogroups, without recent clinical manifestations. Their attended equines reacted with the same serogroups, suggesting common source infections or infection transmitted by equines. Three other humans yielded titres = 100, and none of the 150 showed an IgM‐IIF‐positive result. Equines seem not to be an important origin of regional human leptospirosis, except perhaps during acute animal infection. More culture work is required to study intensity and lapses of leptospiruria, as well as to further identify circulating strains.

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Current Status of Leptospirosis: A Zoonotic Tropical Disease

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Putative Pathogenic Genes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira weilii Isolated from Patients with Acute Febrile Illness

Putative Pathogenic Genes of Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira weilii Isolated from Patients with Acute Febrile Illness

Leptospira: An emerging zoonotic pathogen of climate change, global warming and unplanned urbanization: A review

Seroprevalence of anti‐Leptospira antibodies in equines and associated workers—Isolation of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola from equine urine

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