Current status of nano‐vaccinology in veterinary medicine science

Abstract

Vaccination programmes provide a safe, effective and cost‐efficient strategy for maintaining population health. In veterinary medicine, vaccination not only reduces disease within animal populations but also serves to enhance public health by targeting zoonoses. Nevertheless, for many pathogens, an effective vaccine remains elusive. Recently, nanovaccines have proved to be successful for various infectious and non‐infectious diseases of animals. These novel technologies, such as virus‐like particles, self‐assembling proteins, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and virosomes, offer great potential for solving many of the vaccine production challenges. Their benefits include low immunotoxicity, antigen stability, enhanced immunogenicity, flexibility sustained release and the ability to evoke both humoral and cellular immune responses. Nanovaccines are more efficient than traditional vaccines due to ease of control and plasticity in their physio‐chemical properties. They use a highly targeted immunological approach which can provide strong and long‐lasting immunity. This article reviews the currently available nanovaccine technology and considers its utility for both infectious diseases and non‐infectious diseases such as auto‐immunity and cancer. Future research opportunities and application challenges from bench to clinical usage are also discussed.

Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies

“…Nanovaccines have recently emerged as a powerful tool to selectively deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces and facilitate rapid and robust immunity against various infectious diseases ( Sadr et al., 2023 ). Nanovaccines aim to protect the encapsulated vaccine antigens against degradation in physiological environments and utilize slow release of the cargo for prolonged immune activation.…”

“…Nanovaccines aim to protect the encapsulated vaccine antigens against degradation in physiological environments and utilize slow release of the cargo for prolonged immune activation. Further, this vaccine platform can be conjugated with ligands to improve uptake of the vaccine antigen by professional antigen presenting cells ( Sadr et al., 2023 ). Delivery to the site of infection, the respiratory mucosal interface, can lead to improved adaptive immune activation and robust development of secretory IgA (sIgA) and local T cell responses against the delivered antigen to improve clinical outcomes ( Chadwick et al., 2010 ).…”

A potential cure for tumor‐associated immunosuppression by Toxoplasma gondii

“… 156 Through this strategy, the immune system will be targeted more precisely, tumor‐specific antigens will be presented more effectively, and tumors will be attacked more effectively with an immune response. 157 …”

In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity of Boswellia serrata essential oil nanoliposome

“…This tailored approach not only enhances the overall effectiveness of treatments but also allows for lower drug doses, reducing potential toxicity (Arshad et al., 2022 ). The ability of nanotechnology to improve drug delivery represents a groundbreaking shift in combating parasitic infections, promising more efficient and patient‐friendly therapeutic interventions (Sadr, Poorjafari Jafroodi et al., 2023 ). Lipid bilayers encapsulate and provide therapeutic compounds to target cells and pathogens in nanoliposomes, potent carriers of therapeutic compounds (Salimi, 2018 ).…”