Current Status of Prevalence, Possible Control and Risk Factors Associated with Porcine Cysticercosis from Endemic Countries in Africa

Shonyela, Seria Masole; Yang, Guilian; Wang, Chunfeng

doi:10.4236/wjv.2018.83006

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…Though the traditional free-range system is only practiced in poor areas of South Africa, the prevalence of TSTC is reported as the highest from SSA ( 35 ). Zambia is identified with the highest point prevalence of porcine cysticercosis (57%), and the second one in terms of pooled prevalence (22%), which is comparable with a report by Shonyela et al (24.32%) ( 65 ). In Zambia, open defecation has been reported as a public health problem ( 37 , 66 ), particularly in rural areas, where the prevalence of open defecation is reported to be 17% ( 67 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Mozambique is among the countries with the highest prevalence of open defecation at 40%, compared to countries included in this review ( 67 ). The pooled prevalence for Kenya and Tanzania were comparable to each other but lower than that reported by Shonyela et al, at 22% ( 65 ). The lowest pooled prevalence was recorded in Madagascar (5%) and Rwanda (7%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

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Epidemiology of Porcine Cysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gulelat

Eguale

Kebede

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Taenia solium cysticercosis is the most common cause of acquired epilepsy in pig-raising and pork-consuming parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This review aimed to systematically compile and synthesize data on the epidemiology of porcine cysticercosis in the Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA) region. Comprehensive searching strategies were employed to retrieve the studies published or reported between January 1,1997 and March 1, 2021, from Pub Med, Hinari, and Google Scholar databases and search platforms. The identified studies that met the inclusion criteria were then appraised for methodological quality. Finally, 44 studies obtained from nine countries were selected and included in this review. Relevant data were extracted using standardized templates for qualitative synthesis and meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of porcine cysticercosis in the ESA region was 17% (95% CI: 14–20%). The prevalence level between and within countries showed high variability. The pooled estimate showed high heterogeneity among the reports (the inverse variance index value (I2) of 98.99%, p < 0.05). The meta-analysis sub-grouped by the type of diagnostic test showed the pooled prevalence estimate of 27% (95% CI: 9–50) by carcass dissection; 23% (95% CI: 14–33) by Antibody-based immunodiagnostic techniques; 23% (95% CI: 18-29) by antigen detecting (Ag)-ELISA, 12% (95% CI: 7–18) by meat inspection, and 9% (95% CI: 7-11) by lingual examination. The meta-analysis sub-grouped by region showed a relatively higher pooled prevalence estimate for the Southern region 22% (95% CI: 15–30) compared to 13% (95% CI: 11–15) in the Eastern region. The highest country-based pooled prevalence was obtained from South Africa (33%, 95% CI: 20–48) and Zambia (22%, 95% CI: 16–29), whereas the lowest pooled prevalence was identified in Madagascar (5%, 95% CI: 4-5) and Rwanda (7%, 95% CI: 6–8). The lack of latrine, traditional pig husbandry practices, unprotected water sources, and increase in age were identified as significant risk factors for the occurrence of porcine cysticercosis in the pooled studies. The findings of this review will provide context-specific input to prioritize the possible intervention programs for T. solium control in the ESA region. More sensitive and specific test-based prevalence estimates, detailed risk factor investigations, and financial losses analysis are needed to establish feasible control strategies.Systematic Review Registrationhttp://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42021238931.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Epidemiology of Porcine Cysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Gulelat

Eguale

Kebede

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…None of the studies under meta-analysis reported organ wise prevalence. Yet it is established that lingual palpation is the best suited method for accurate diagnosis of cysticercosis in pig carcasses (Shonyela et al 2018). As far as diagnostic approach with serological or molecular methods are concerned, it is not widely adopted evidenced by the reports under this meta-analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Porcine Cysticercosis in India: A Meta-Analysis

Bhangale

2021

Preprint

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Porcine cysticercosis (PCC) caused due to Taenia solium a tapeworm; is one of the important neglected tropical diseases with a significant zoonotic importance. In view of the underdeveloped swine husbandry practices coupled with negligence of people towards hygienic food habits, a comprehensive estimate on the presence of porcine cysticercosis in India will be helpful for planning control measure. We performed a systematic literature review regarding data about PCC epidemiology in India and meta-analyses for its prevalence in different zones of country and the methods employed for detection and based on this discussed possible control strategies. A total 27 studies spanned over period from 2000 to 2019 from different parts of India were included for meta-analysis which were obtained through a systematic search from online free databases. The overall prevalence using random effects model was found 5.21% with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 96.52, p = 0.0001). However subgroup analysis revealed higher prevalence due to smaller sample size and also method of detection has also significant effect on the pooled data. Considering the zoonotic significance as well as economic losses to pork industry, control strategies need to be devised with regards to health monitoring, improvements in ante-mortem diagnostics, hygienic meat practices coupled with education to both the producers and consumers about this important disease through one health approach.

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“…None of the studies under the current meta-analysis reported organ wise prevalence. Yet it is established that lingual palpation is the best suited method for accurate diagnosis of cysticercosis in pig carcasses (Shonyela et al, 2018). As far as diagnostic approach with serological or molecular methods are concerned, it is not widely adopted evidenced by the reports under this meta-analysis.…”

Section: Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Implications of Porcine Cysticercosis Based on Meta-Analysis Estimates of its Prevalence in India

Bhangale¹

2022

IJBSM

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A meta-analysis of 27 studies systematically obtained from online free databases spanned over period from 2000 to 2019 from different parts of India was done. The pooled estimate of porcine cysticercosis prevalence using random effect model was found 5.21% with 95% CI as 4.04% to 6.52% and 95% PI 1.62%–15.46%. A wide variation in the prevalence estimates among studies under this analysis was observed which is confirmed through Q statistics =1322.38 (P=0.000). Substantial heterogeneity was observed between studies which is significant (I2=96.52; p=<0.0001 and Tau squared value =0.0341) considering the diversity of populations reported in recruited studies. The sub-group analysis showed significantly higher prevalence in South region followed by North, North-east and West region of India. As regards the methods employed for detection of cysticerci from pigs, it was found that serological method showed higher rate of prevalence. A prevalence of 10.66% (95% CI=5.63% to 15.95%) is reported from those studies which used serological methods whereas carcass examination which is the frequently adopted method detected only 3.71% prevalence (95% CI =2.77% to 4.78%) and other methods such as molecular and histo-pathological studies for prevalence detected cysticercosis in 4.19% (95% CI=2.61% to 5.99%) carcasses over the study period under this meta-analysis. Considering its zoonotic significance as well as economic losses to pork industry, control strategies for PCC need to be devised with regards to health monitoring, hygienic meat practices coupled with education to both the producers and consumers through one health approach.

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Current Status of Prevalence, Possible Control and Risk Factors Associated with Porcine Cysticercosis from Endemic Countries in Africa

Cited by 8 publications

References 121 publications

Epidemiology of Porcine Cysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Epidemiology of Porcine Cysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Porcine Cysticercosis in India: A Meta-Analysis

Economic Implications of Porcine Cysticercosis Based on Meta-Analysis Estimates of its Prevalence in India

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