Current Therapies Focused on High-Density Lipoproteins Associated with Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) comprise a heterogeneous family of lipoprotein particles divided into subclasses that are determined by density, size and surface charge as well as protein composition. Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. HDLs promote reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and have several atheroprotective functions such as anti-inflammation, anti-thrombosis, and anti-oxidation. HDLs are considered to be atheroprotective because they are associated in serum with paraoxonases (PONs) which protect HDL from oxidation. Polyphenol consumption reduces the risk of chronic diseases in humans. Polyphenols increase the binding of HDL to PON1, increasing the catalytic activity of PON1. This review summarizes the evidence currently available regarding pharmacological and alternative treatments aimed at improving the functionality of HDL-C. Information on the effectiveness of the treatments has contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasma levels of HDL-C, thereby promoting the development of more effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases. For that purpose, Scopus and Medline databases were searched to identify the publications investigating the impact of current therapies focused on high-density lipoproteins.

Dietary Effect of Squalene on Lipid Metabolism of Obese/Diabetes KK-<i>A<sup>y</sup></i> Mice and Wild-Type C57BL/6J Mice

“…In a rat model, specific increase in HDL cholesterol has also been reported [18]. These studies have demonstrated that high HDL level would be independent of an anti-atherosclerotic factor [35]. The present study confirmed that the increase in HDL cholesterol level is a major effects of SQ in atherosclerosis protection.…”

“…In prospective epidemiologic studies, every 1-mg/dL increase in HDL is associated with a 2% to 3% decrease in CVD risk, independent of LDL cholesterol and TAG levels [34]. Furthermore, normal or high HDL levels appear to have anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-thrombotic properties, even in the presence of high LDL cholesterol [35]. In the present study, we found a significant increase in the plasma HDL cholesterol of obese/diabetic KK-A y mice, with no significant difference in the total and non-HDL cholesterol levels ( Table 3).…”

Could metabolic risk factors contribute to the development of cervical cancer?

“…When this compensatory response is not able to repair the damage, it becomes harmful and the change in the lipid pro ile becomes chronic [65]. Intervention strategies to reduce TG and increase HDL-c, used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, could have bene icial effects in the prevention of cancer [47,66]. This preventive action could be implemented in women at risk of CxCa with dyslipidemia.…”

Sex-Related Differences of the Effect of Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins on 10-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk; Insights from the ATTICA Study (2002–2012)

“…Numerous cohorts, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized clinical trials have consistently demonstrated a log-linear relationship between the absolute changes in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and CVD risk, providing compelling evidence for a causal relation [5]. On the other side, the inverse association between plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and risk for atherosclerotic CVD stands among the most reproducible associations in observational epidemiology, yet with weaker evidence regarding its added value as a therapeutic target [6,7]. In this regard, a sex-related heterogeneity has been previously suggested, with total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C being stronger CVD predictors in the case of men [8][9][10] and HDL-C in the case of women [11,12].…”