Current Treatment Strategies Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Review

Abstract

There are several bacteria called superbugs that are resistant to multiple antibiotics which can be life threatening specially for critically ill and hospitalized patients. This article provides up-to-date treatment strategies employed against some major superbugs, like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli. The pathogen-directed therapeutics decrease the toxicity of bacteria by altering their virulence factors by specific processes. On the other hand, the host-directed therapeutics limits these superbugs by modulating immune cells, enhancing host cell functions, and modifying disease pathology. Several new antibiotics against the global priority superbugs are coming to the market or are in the clinical development phase. Medicinal plants possessing potent secondary metabolites can play a key role in the treatment against these superbugs. Nanotechnology has also emerged as a promising option for combatting them. There is urgent need to continuously figure out the best possible treatment strategy against these superbugs as resistance can also be developed against the new and upcoming antibiotics in future. Rational use of antibiotics and maintenance of proper hygiene must be practiced among patients.

Single-cell analysis of CX3CR1+cells reveal a pathogenic role for BIRC5+myeloid proliferating cells driven byStaphylococcus aureusleukotoxins

“…One such approach that has gained traction against infectious disease has been host directed therapies, whereby the host cellular processes needed by the pathogen lifecycle are disrupted (33). Other studies have shown this approach to be effective by, for example, disrupting the apoptosis pathway (34,35). Our study has revealed a new possible target for host directed therapy in BIRC5, as conditional deletion of this gene in immune cells significantly improved survival.…”

NiCo LDH nanozymes with selective antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria for wound healing

“…infections and even the emergence of various drug-resistant bacteria. 4,5 Moreover, a global report by the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 700 000 people are killed by drug-resistant bacteria annually, and the number will possibly increase to 10 million deaths by 2050 without any prophylactic measures. 6 Interestingly, Gram-negative (G À ) bacteria are more resistant than Gram-positive (G + ) bacteria.…”

Myco-Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Bioactive Role against Pathogenic Microbes

“…Thus, MDR developed and spread more frequently because of incorrect antimicrobial medicine use, unhygienic environments, poor food handling, antibiotics abuse and inefficient healthcare-associated infections strategies [4]. To combat microbial resistance, a variety of measures have been used, including the application of bactericidal agents, emerging novel antibiotics and combined treatment [5][6][7]. Nanotechnology is the science, engineering and application of materials and devices with dimensions on the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).…”