Current Trends in Si(Li) Detector Windows for Light Element Analysis

Errors in quantitative backscattered electron analysis of bone standardized by energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry

“…The limitations of ZAF corrections could be reduced with thin or windowless technology, allowing direct measurement of the light elements. Windowless technology has undergone great progress in the past decade (Goldstein et al 1992, Lund 1995, but detailed studies of its accuracy in mineralized tissue have not been performed. As an alternative, Phi-Rho-Z correction techniques (Goldstein et al 1992) may yield results superior to ZAF correction techniques in bone.…”

Electron probe microanalysis using soft X‐rays – a review. Part 1: Instrumentation, spectrum processing and detection sensitivity

“…If, by contrast, the window material contains a number of elements there will be several absorption edges but, individually, they will be smaller so that the transmission properties for soft X‐radiation will be somewhat more uniform (see Table 6). A disadvantage with multi‐element windows is that the spectrum background will exhibit small absorption steps which (i) can make background subtraction difficult and (ii) can be misinterpreted as being small peaks (Lund, 1995). ATW windows are transparent to light but application of an aluminized coating of about 40 nm thickness on the window provides an effective barrier (thinner coatings sometimes used to give greater transparency to X‐rays do so at the expense of full light protection).…”

“…Reliability of ATW windows appears to be good and they are gradually replacing both the conventional beryllium windows and windowless systems. A comprehensive review of detector windows for soft X‐rays has recently been carried out by Lund (1995).…”

“… Manufacturers’ data apart from figures given in bold text which have been independently measured. Data courtesy of Lund (1995). …”

Energy-Dispersive Spectrometry from Then until Now: A Chronology of Innovation

“…Because germanium used in detectors is of such purity as to display the properties of an intrinsic seniiconductor, it is even possible to allow the detector to warn1 to room temperature from time to time. For a review of HPGe detectors, see Sareen (1995), and for a review of ATW development for both Si(Li) and HPGe, see Lund (1995).…”