Current Trends in the Chemistry of Permanent Hair Dyeing

Morel, O.; Christie, Robert

doi:10.1021/cr1000145

Cited by 161 publications

(219 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Two main categories of hair dye product should be considered, on the basis of their chemistry: oxidative and non-oxidative (20). Permanent hair dyeing with oxidative products requires three main components -an o-substituted or p-substituted aromatic amine, a coupling agent, and an oxidant -and are therefore categorized as oxidative.…”

Section: Hair Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

et al. 2012

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SummaryThe cosmetic industry producing hair dyes has, for many years, recommended that their consumers perform 'a hair dye allergy self-test' or similar prior to hair dyeing, to identify individuals who are likely to react upon subsequent hair dyeing. This review offers important information on the requirements for correct validation of screening tests, and concludes that, in its present form, the hair dye self-test has severe limitations: (i) it is not a screening test but a diagnostic test; (ii) it has not been validated according to basic criteria defined by scientists; (iii) it has been evaluated in the wrong population group; (iv) skin reactions have been read by dermatologists and not by the targeted group (consumers and hairdressers); (v) hair dyes contain strong and extreme sensitizers that are left on the skin in high concentrations, potentially resulting in active sensitization; and (vi) recommendations and instructions on how to perform the hair dye self-test vary greatly even among products from the same company, again suggesting that the basis for safe use of the test has not been determined. If the use of a hair dye self-test to predict contact sensitization becomes widespread, there is severe risk that a tool has been marketed that may cause morbidity in European consumers.Key words: allergy alert test; diagnostics; hair dyes; nickel; p-phenylenediamine; screening; self-test; skin alert test.Contact allergy, defined as positive patch test reactions to common haptens, is frequent in general populations, affecting up to 20% of people (1-3). It is Correspondence: Jacob P. Thyssen, Department of Dermatolo-Allergology Gentofte Hospital, National Allergy Research Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. Tel: +45 3977 3977; Fax: +45 3977 7118. E-mail: jacpth01@geh.regionh.dk Accepted for publication 15 February 2012 caused by repeated or prolonged cutaneous exposure to contact allergens, including metals such as nickel, cobalt, and chromium; preservatives, such as isothiazolinones, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, formaldehyde, and formaldehyde-releasers; fragrance substances, such as Myroxylon pereirae, Evernia prunastri, limonene, and isoeugenol; and finally, a wide range of very different chemicals, such as those present in topical drugs, plants, and hair dyes. Contact allergy is considered to be the latent

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Section: Hair Dyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

et al. 2012

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“…1,2 They possess unique photo-physical properties and are important chromophores in natural and synthetic dyes. 3 They are a common pharmacophore in natural products, 4 and are of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. 5 They are also redox active, making them important components of enzymatic processes 6 and bio-mimetic catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A divergent and selective synthesis of ortho- and para-quinones from phenols

et al. 2015

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“…28 The hydrogen peroxide also may oxidize the exocyclic amino group, the ring system or pyridine nitrogen atom of PhIP; 29 or the oxidized primary amine group of PhIP may be coupled to functional groups such as phenol sulfates in the dye complex. 17 The conditioning and rinsing process also may wash-out some of the PhIP from the newly dyed hair. PhIP levels before and after the permanent hair dyeing process from samples of two positive subjects were compared (Table S-1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method to Biomonitor the Cooked Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Dyed Hair by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Orbitrap High Resolution Multistage Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2015

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2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in cooked meat. The use of naturally colored hair containing PhIP can serve as a long-term biomarker of exposure to this carcinogen. However, the measurement of PhIP in dyed hair, a cosmetic treatment commonly used by the adult population, is challenging because the dye process introduces a complex mixture of chemicals into the hair matrix, which interfere with the measurement of PhIP. The high-resolution scanning features of the Orbitrap Fusion™ mass spectrometer were employed to biomonitor PhIP in dyed hair. Because of the complexity of chemicals in the hair dye, the consecutive reaction monitoring of PhIP at the MS3 scan stage was employed to selectively remove the isobaric interferences. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of PhIP was 84 parts-per-trillion (ppt) employing 50 mg hair. Calibration curves were generated in dyed hair matrices and showed good linearity (40 to 1000 pg PhIP/g hair) with a goodness-of-fit regression value r2 > 0.9978. The within-day (between-day) coefficients of variation were 7.7% (17%) and 5.4% (6.1%), respectively, with dyed hair samples spiked with PhIP at 200 and 600 ppt. The levels of PhIP accrued in dyed hair from volunteers on a semi-controlled feeding study who ingested known levels of PhIP were comparable to the levels of PhIP accrued in hair of subjects with natural hair color. The method was successfully employed to measure PhIP in non-dyed and dyed hair biospecimens of participants in a case-control study of colorectal adenoma on their regular diet.

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Current Trends in the Chemistry of Permanent Hair Dyeing

Cited by 161 publications

References 97 publications

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

Self‐testing for contact sensitization to hair dyes – scientific considerations and clinical concerns of an industry‐led screening programme

A divergent and selective synthesis of ortho- and para-quinones from phenols

Method to Biomonitor the Cooked Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Dyed Hair by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Orbitrap High Resolution Multistage Mass Spectrometry

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