Current Trends in the Therapeutic Strategies for Diabetes Management

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest growing noncommunicable disease. Diabetes mellitus is causes due to destruction of pancreatic beta cell or due to insulin resistance and characterised by hyperglycaemia. Diabetes imposes a very serious economic crisis as the diabetic drug market is growing very rapidly. Even after very path breaking scientific discoveries, availability of a better healthcare infrastructure, rise in literacy rates, the diabetes burden is continuously spreading in various sections all over the worlds but more especially in low- and middle-income countries. The recent development in scientific discoveries have given a number of new generations of antidiabetic medicines such as sulphonylurea, biguanides, thiazolidinedione, alpha glucosidease inhibitors. All these drugs have proved significant reduction in blood glucose level. There are some new classes of hypoglycaemic drugs have also been developed and reported such as GLP-1 analogous, DPP-IV inhibitors, amylin inhibitors, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. There are some active molecules and bioactive substances have been purified from herbs and plants which adds values to the war against diabetes. These phytoconstituents have overturned the drug development and lead identification for drug against diabetes. The review also focusses on some critical area of diabetes with more focus on statin-based diabetes management approach and stem cell therapy based next generation antidiabetic therapy.

Glucose to Complications: Understanding Secondary Effects in Diabetes Mellitus

“…These pathways play pivotal roles in regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules, and chemokines involved in immune cell recruitment and activation. Persistent low-grade inflammation contributes to endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and tissue remodeling, thereby promoting the development of diabetic complications such as atherosclerosis, nephropathy, and neuropathy [12].…”

“…AGE-RAGE interactions stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, leukocyte recruitment, and vascular inflammation. Moreover, AGE accumulation in tissues such as the kidney, retina, and peripheral nerves can disrupt normal cellular processes and contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy [12] Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia plays a central role in the development and progression of diabetic complications. Excessive production of ROS overwhelms endogenous antioxidant defenses, resulting in oxidative damage to cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA.…”

Recent Advances in Sorbicillinoids from Fungi and Their Bioactivities (Covering 2016–2021)

“…Both 10,11-dihydrobislongiquinolide (42) and 10,11,16,17-tetrahydrobislongiquinolide (43) were produced by overexpression of the global regulator LaeA in the fungus Penicillium dipodomyis YJ-11 from a marine sediment sample collected in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao, China [25].…”

“…Diabetes is considered as one of the biggest current health crises. Controlling carbohydrate digestibility by inhibiting starch digestive enzyme (i.e., α-amylase and α-glucosidase) activities is an efficient strategy to control postprandial hyperglycemia [43]. Some sorbicillinoids have been screened for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (Table S9).…”

Specific alterations of gut microbiota in diabetic microvascular complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an epidemic and accounts for 80% of premature deaths globally ( 1 , 2 ). As of 2021, there are approximately 537 million DM patients in the world, with an extended increment to 700 million by 2045 ( 3 ).…”