Current Understanding of Nonaqueous Electrolytes for Calcium‐Based Batteries

Abstract

Calcium metal batteries are receiving growing research attention due to significant breakthroughs in recent years that have indicated reversible Ca plating/stripping with attractive Coulombic efficiencies (90-95%), once thought to be out of reach. While the Ca anode is often described as being surface filmcontrolled, the ability to access reversible Ca electrochemistry is highly electrolyte-dependent in general, which affects both interfacial chemistry on plated Ca along with more fundamental Ca 2+ /Ca redox properties. This mini-review describes recent progress towards a reversible Ca anode from the point of view of the most successful electrolyte chemistries identified to date. This includes, centrally, what is currently known about the Ca 2+ solvation environment in these systems. Experimental (physico-chemical and spectroscopy) and computational results are summarized for the two major solvent classescarbonates and ethers-that have yielded promising results so far. Current knowledge gaps and opportunities to improve fundamental understanding of Ca 2+ /Ca redox are also identified.

Fluoride ion batteries – past, present, and future

“…In response, several alternative battery technologies were proposed and investigated. Alternative rechargeable battery systems, which perform based on shuttling of ions other than Li + , have been investigated so far, including sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) 2,3 , magnesium-ion batteries 3,4 , calciumion batteries 5 and aluminum-ion batteries. 6 For these systems, the shuttling ions possess low standard reduction potentials (i. e., the ionic species can be reduced, but not oxidized), which are similar to lithium.…”

Monocarborane cluster as a stable fluorine-free calcium battery electrolyte

“…Among the main challenges related to Ca-battery technology is a lack of suitable electrolytes for reversible Ca metal plating/stripping at room temperature 9 . Non-aqueous Ca electrolytes comprising conventional salts in aprotic solvents are fundamentally incompatible with Ca metal anodes because the passivating films that form on anode surfaces prevent Ca ion transport 10 .…”

Solid Electrolytes for High‐Temperature Stable Batteries and Supercapacitors

“…), and garnet‐type materials (e.g., Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 , Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 , Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 , etc. ); [ 39,48 ] prospects of hydroborate electrolytes; [ 92 ] thermal/chemical expansion of CEs; [ 93 ] computational surveys of electrode/electrolyte interface; [ 94 ] electrolytes for organic material‐based energy storage; [ 95 ] NASICON‐type SEs; [ 96 ] electrolytes for Ca‐based batteries; [ 97 ] configuration of electrolytes for fast charging Li batteries; [ 98 ] high‐voltage electrolytes for aqueous energy storage; [ 99 ] modeling of ILEs; [ 100 ] electrolytes for magnesium–sulfur batteries [ 101 ] /magnesium batteries; [ 102 ] electrolytes for Li–sulfur batteries; [ 103 ] sulfide materials; [ 104,105 ] ionogels (immobilization of ILs in a solid matrix (e.g., ZrO 2 , SiO 2 , multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), MOFs, COFs); [ 106 ] nanohybrid electrolytes; [ 107 ] vanadium electrolytes; [ 108 ] low‐temperature solid oxide; [ 109 ] hydrogels (e.g., polyacrylamides (PAMs), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose, etc. ); [ 110 ] salt‐concentrated battery electrolytes; [ 111 ] and electrolytes for high‐temperature ammonia production.…”

“…); [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91] novel concepts of electrolytes; [23] ion transport mechanism of inorganic SEs; [38] fundamentals of inorganic SEs; [57] SEs for solid-state Li batteries; [54] explosion features of carbonate LEs; [29] perspectives of CPEs (e.g., lithium phosphorus oxynitride, sodium superionic conductors (NASICON)), Li-ion conductors, perovskites (LaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , Li 3 La 2/3x TiO 3 , etc. ), sulfides (e.g., Li [39,48] prospects of hydroborate electrolytes; [92] thermal/chemical expansion of CEs; [93] computational surveys of electrode/electrolyte interface; [94] electrolytes for organic material-based energy storage; [95] NASICON-type SEs; [96] electrolytes for Ca-based batteries; [97] configuration of electrolytes for fast charging Li batteries; [98] high-voltage electrolytes for aqueous energy storage; [99] modeling of ILEs; [100] electrolytes for magnesium-sulfur batteries [101] /magnesium batteries; [102] electrolytes for Li-sulfur batteries; [103] sulfide materials; [104,105] ionogels (immobilization of ILs in a solid matrix (e.g., ZrO 2 , SiO 2 , multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), MOFs, COFs); [106] nanohybrid electrolytes; [107] vanadium electrolytes; [108] lowtemperature solid oxide;…”