Current Use of Calcium Sulfate Bone Grafts

Abstract

Bone graft placement is the most widely used therapeutic strategy for the surgical correction of osseous defects. In recent years, increasing attention has been given to the development of synthetic bone grafts. Of those currently available, calcium sulfate materials exhibit several unique properties that warrant discussion. These include their intrinsic osteogenic potential, their stimulatory effect on angiogenesis, the fact that they are fully biodegradable, the lack of proinflammatory responses following their placement in situ, and their lost cost of production. However, despite the attractiveness of these features, the use of calcium phosphate materials for bone grafting continues to be more widespread. This review examines the current use of calcium sulfate bone grafts in regenerative medicine. It also considers their clinical drawbacks before providing insight into the development of new calcium sulfate grafting constructs that might address these concerns.

Advances and Prospects in Materials for Craniofacial Bone Reconstruction

“…45 However, the growth rate of new bone is much less than the resorptive rate of calcium sulfate material in vivo, resulting in delayed bone healing, which is the most cited limitation of the clinical application of calcium sulfate bone cement. 59,60 Calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) has satisfactory biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and in particular, since CPC has a suitable rate of degradation, releasing calcium and phosphorus ions to induce bone formation. 61 In addition, calcium phosphate bone cement can self-cure under physiological conditions to form hydroxyapatite similar to the inorganic composition of human bone tissue, with little heat released during curing, and does not cause inflammatory reactions after implantation.…”

“…Kim et al reported the application of AlloMatrix which is an allogenic DBM product that serves as a carrier of calcium sulfate in the dental field to guide bone regeneration; the osteoinductive effect of this allogenic graft material is proven by the clinical evaluation and histological tests of new bone formation . However, the growth rate of new bone is much less than the resorptive rate of calcium sulfate material in vivo, resulting in delayed bone healing, which is the most cited limitation of the clinical application of calcium sulfate bone cement. , Calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) has satisfactory biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, and in particular, since CPC has a suitable rate of degradation, releasing calcium and phosphorus ions to induce bone formation . In addition, calcium phosphate bone cement can self-cure under physiological conditions to form hydroxyapatite similar to the inorganic composition of human bone tissue, with little heat released during curing, and does not cause inflammatory reactions after implantation. − Besides, as highlighted by Cuylear et al in a recent review, the application of CaP particles as drug delivery systems for regeneration and biomineralization of craniofacial bone has garnered extensive interest these years due to their tunability and facile loading of therapeutic agents such as small molecules, genes, proteins, and peptides .…”

Development of Injectable Calcium Sulfate and Self-Setting Calcium Phosphate Composite Bone Graft Materials for Minimally Invasive Surgery

“…Degradable materials such as bioceramics are alternatives to avoid donor site injury and superior for bone repairs due to their improved biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, consistent material properties, and low cost. Among them, calcium sulfate (CS) and calcium phosphate (CaP) have demonstrated the ability to partially integrate into bone tissue and stimulate osteoblast growth and have been widely used in the place of allografts or autografts for several decades [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. CS possesses several desirable properties including a low curing temperature, rapid setting, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and promotion of bone healing.…”

An assessment of physical properties and the viability of osteoblast‐like cells of cefazolin‐impregnated calcium sulfate bone‐void filler

“…This filler exhibits good injectability, biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, biodegradability, rapid, and complete resorption, with a minor inflammatory reaction in the human body 3–5 . Moreover, the stimulatory effect of calcium sulfate on angiogenesis could enhance bone regeneration process 6 . Furthermore, this injectable, minimally invasive bone‐void filler can fill the bony defects and set in situ, which facilitates its clinical applications 7 .…”