Current use pesticides in Arctic media; 2000–2007

Hoferkamp, Lisa; Hermanson, Mark H.; Muir, Derek C.G.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.038

Cited by 104 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…air, water and ice). [5,15] In this study, legacy organochlorines (hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes) were also analysed for comparison with CUPs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the levels, seasonal trends and air-sea gas exchange of these chemicals in the German Bight (North Sea) to provide insight into sources and the processes which contribute these chemicals to coastal waters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)

et al. 2012

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Environmental context. The occurrence of pesticides in remote areas such as high mountains and the Arctic demands an understanding of their regional environmental fate. We investigate the levels and sources of currently used pesticides and legacy pesticides in the air and seawater of the German Bight. Volatilisation from local surfaces and long-range transport were the major sources of these chemicals to the air, whereas riverine input and atmospheric deposition by air-seawater exchange were the main sources of these chemicals to the seawater.Abstract. Surface seawater and air samples collected from the German Bight (North Sea) in March, May and July 2010 were analysed for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), five currently used pesticides (CUPs) (trifluralin, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, dacthal and quintozene) and pentachloroanisole (metabolite). Volatilisation from local surfaces was considered to be the main source of these chemicals to the air (excluding trifluralin). Long-range transport from Western Europe partly contributed to the higher air concentrations observed in July whereas riverine input was the main source for HCHs and pentachloroanisole in seawater in March. Air-sea gas exchange of HCB and a-HCH in the German Bight was found to be near equilibrium, probably reflecting the past use of these chemicals, their wide dispersal in the environment and lack of contemporary use. Deposition of target compounds from the air to seawater was observed to be much higher in July compared with depositional fluxes for March and May, except for chlorpyrifos (with volatilisation fluxes in all sampling periods: ,25 ng m À2 day À1 ). Concentrations of trifluralin in seawater appear to have decreased since its restriction of use in European Union member states, with net volatilisation from seawater observed in March (flux: 6.3 AE 7.2 ng m À2 day À1 ). With the exception of chlorpyrifos, our results indicate that volatilisation from local sources combined with long-range transport from Western Europe and subsequent deposition are important pathways for these compounds to German Bight seawater during summer periods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)

et al. 2012

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“…1 For hydrolytic degradation pathways in aquatic systems of pH 6-9, the half-life is approximately one year, and the resulting olefinic metabolite degrades even more slowly. 2 When exposed to sunlight, this olefin derivative undergoes an interesting photoisomerization in water.…”

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confidence: 99%

Direct Electrochemical Reduction of 4,4^′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) (Methoxychlor) at Carbon and Silver Cathodes in Dimethylformamide

McGuire

Peters

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Cyclic voltammetry and controlled-potential (bulk) electrolysis have been employed to investigate the electrochemical reduction of 4,4 -(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene), commonly known as the pesticide methoxychlor, at glassy carbon and silver cathodes in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 0.050 M tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF 4 ). Reduction of methoxychlor at both glassy carbon and silver shows four voltammetric peaks, the first three of which are associated with cleavage of carbon-chlorine bonds; the fourth peak is assigned to reduction of 4,4 -(ethene-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene). Bulk electrolyses of methoxychlor at reticulated vitreous carbon and silver mesh cathodes at potentials corresponding to each of the first three voltammetric peaks were conducted; coulometric n values and product distributions (determined by means of GC and GC-MS techniques) depend on potential. In particular, two completely dechlorinated products, namely 4,4 -(ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) and 4,4 -(ethene-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) have been identified and quantitated. A mechanistic scheme is proposed to account for the formation of the various products. When global use of the infamous pesticide 4,4 -(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(chlorobenzene) (1)-known more familiarly as DDT-was restricted, a close relative, namely 4,4 -(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) (2) or methoxychlor, became a temporarily popular replacement. Unfortunately, when concerns about the toxicity of 2 arose, it was banned in the European Union in 2002 and became unregistered in the United States in 2003. However, in other parts of the world, 2 is still employed as an agricultural pesticide and for home applications in the treatment of flea and fly infestations.Like many members of the family of halogenated pesticides, methoxychlor degrades very slowly in the environment, which allows for its transport and subsequent detection in Arctic samples far from the original point of use.1 For hydrolytic degradation pathways in aquatic systems of pH 6-9, the half-life is approximately one year, and the resulting olefinic metabolite degrades even more slowly.2 When exposed to sunlight, this olefin derivative undergoes an interesting photoisomerization in water.3 Sunlight increases the photolysis rate, so that the half-life at the surface of distilled water is closer to 4.5 months, and even faster in natural waters where half-lives of only 2-5 h are seen. 4 Biological degradation of methoxychlor results in the loss of one chlorine as well as demethylation of the hydroxylbenzene moieties.5 Uptake of methoxychlor in a model ecosystem has also been examined; whereas methoxychlor was found to be in a dynamic state in fish, it accumulated in snails. Furthermore, incubated mouse livers were unable to metabolize methoxychlor and 97% was recovered. 6 Concerns about the accumulation of methoxychlor in humans prompted studies conducted in the agricultural region of Spain * Electrochemical Society Student Member. * * E...

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“…, organophosphorus pesticide, nitrate ion some of these chemicals can undergo long range transport and have been observed to be present in remote locations like the Arctic [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation and Hydrolysis of Chlorpyrifos in Aqueous Systems

Ukpebor¹,

Ikpeni²,

Ejiogu³

et al. 2014

Nig. J. Tech.

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Current use pesticides in Arctic media; 2000–2007

Cited by 104 publications

References 57 publications

Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)

Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)

Direct Electrochemical Reduction of 4,4^′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) (Methoxychlor) at Carbon and Silver Cathodes in Dimethylformamide

Photodegradation and Hydrolysis of Chlorpyrifos in Aqueous Systems

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Current use pesticides in Arctic media; 2000–2007

Cited by 104 publications

References 57 publications

Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)

Currently used pesticides, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexanes in the air and seawater of the German Bight (North Sea)

Direct Electrochemical Reduction of 4,4′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) (Methoxychlor) at Carbon and Silver Cathodes in Dimethylformamide

Photodegradation and Hydrolysis of Chlorpyrifos in Aqueous Systems

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Direct Electrochemical Reduction of 4,4^′-(2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(methoxybenzene) (Methoxychlor) at Carbon and Silver Cathodes in Dimethylformamide