Current Views about the Inflammatory Damage Triggered by Bacterial Superantigens and Experimental Attempts to Neutralize Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Effects with Natural and Biological Products

Santacroce, Luigi; Topi, Skender; Charitos, Ioannis Alexandros; Lovero, Roberto; Luperto, Paolo; Palmirotta, Raffaele; Jirillo, Emilio

doi:10.3390/pathophysiology31010002

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 119 publications

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“…Resveratrol has been reported to arrest gastric cancer cell proliferation and survival, hampering PIM-1 kinase activity [146]. Among other activities, polyphenols prevent the epithelial-mesenchymal transition during gastric cancer, inhibiting the hedgehog and PTEN/Akt pathways, respectively [147,148]. In this framework, it has been documented that polyphenols can inhibit gastric cancer metastasis via the inhibition of IL-6, MM9/2 expression, and the CD1/CXR4 and HMGB1/VEGF-D pathways [149][150][151][152].…”

Section: Effects Of Polyphenols On the Gastric Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Knowledge about Gastric Microbiota with Special Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Conditions

Santacroce,

Topi,

Bottalico

et al. 2024

CIMB

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The gastric milieu, because of its very low acidic pH, is very harsh for bacterial growth. The discovery of Helicobacter pylori (H.p.) has opened a new avenue for studies on the gastric microbiota, thus indicating that the stomach is not a sterile environment. Nowadays, new technologies of bacterial identification have demonstrated the existence of other microorganisms in the gastric habitat, which play an important role in health and disease. This bacterium possesses an arsenal of compounds which enable its survival but, at the same time, damage the gastric mucosa. Toxins, such as cytotoxin-associated gene A, vacuolar cytotoxin A, lipopolysaccharides, and adhesins, determine an inflammatory status of the gastric mucosa which may become chronic, ultimately leading to a gastric carcinoma. In the initial stage, H.p. persistence alters the gastric microbiota with a condition of dysbiosis, predisposing to inflammation. Probiotics and prebiotics exhibit beneficial effects on H.p. infection, and, among them, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities are the major ones. Moreover, the association of probiotics with prebiotics (synbiotics) to conventional anti-H.p. therapy contributes to a more efficacious eradication of the bacterium. Also, polyphenols, largely present in the vegetal kingdom, have been demonstrated to alleviate H.p.-dependent pathologies, even including the inhibition of tumorigenesis. The gastric microbiota composition in health and disease is described. Then, cellular and molecular mechanisms of H.p.-mediated damage are clarified. Finally, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and polyphenols in experimental models and in patients infected with H.p. is discussed.

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Section: Effects Of Polyphenols On the Gastric Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Knowledge about Gastric Microbiota with Special Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Conditions

Santacroce,

Topi,

Bottalico

et al. 2024

CIMB

Self Cite

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Current View on Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects

Arrigoni,

Ballini,

Jirillo

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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Nowadays, infectious diseases of bacterial and viral origins represent a serious medical problem worldwide. In fact, the development of antibiotic resistance is responsible for the emergence of bacterial strains that are refractory even to new classes of antibiotics. Furthermore, the recent COVID-19 pandemic suggests that new viruses can emerge and spread all over the world. The increase in infectious diseases depends on multiple factors, including malnutrition, massive migration of population from developing to industrialized areas, and alteration of the human microbiota. Alternative treatments to conventional antibiotics and antiviral drugs have intensively been explored. In this regard, plants and marine organisms represent an immense source of products, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, lanthipeptides, and terpenoids, which possess antibacterial and antiviral activities. Their main mechanisms of action involve modifications of bacterial cell membranes, with the formation of pores, the release of cellular content, and the inhibition of bacterial adherence to host cells, as well as of the efflux pump. Natural antivirals can interfere with viral replication and spreading, protecting the host with the enhanced production of interferon. Of note, these antivirals are not free of side effects, and their administration to humans needs more research in terms of safety. Preclinical research with natural antibacterial and antiviral compounds confirms their effects against bacteria and viruses, but there are still only a few clinical trials. Therefore, their full exploitation and more intensive clinical studies represent the next steps to be pursued in this area of medicine.

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Exploitation of Natural By-Products for the Promotion of Healthy Outcomes in Humans: Special Focus on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms and Modulation of the Gut Microbiota

Santacroce,

Bottalico,

Charitos

et al. 2024

Antioxidants

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Daily, a lot of food is wasted, and vegetables, fruit, and cereals as well as marine products represent the major sources of unwanted by-products. The sustainability, waste recovery, and revalorization of food by-products have been proposed as the main goals of the so-called circular economy. In fact, food wastes are enriched in by-products endowed with beneficial effects on human health. Grape, olives, vegetables, and rice contain different compounds, such as polyphenols, dietary fibers, polysaccharides, vitamins, and proteins, which exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibiting pro-oxidant genes and the Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kβ) pathway, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Dietary fibers act upon the gut microbiota, expanding beneficial bacteria, which contribute to healthy outcomes. Furthermore, marine foods, even including microalgae, arthropods, and wastes of fish, are rich in carotenoids, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, and chitooligosaccharides, which afford antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protection. The present review will cover the major by-products derived from food wastes, describing the mechanisms of action involved in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as well as the modulation of the gut microbiota. The effects of some by-products have also been explored in clinical trials, while others, such as marine by-products, need more investigation for their full exploitation as bioactive compounds in humans.

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Current Views about the Inflammatory Damage Triggered by Bacterial Superantigens and Experimental Attempts to Neutralize Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Effects with Natural and Biological Products

Cited by 4 publications

References 119 publications

Current Knowledge about Gastric Microbiota with Special Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Conditions

Current Knowledge about Gastric Microbiota with Special Emphasis on Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Conditions

Current View on Major Natural Compounds Endowed with Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects

Exploitation of Natural By-Products for the Promotion of Healthy Outcomes in Humans: Special Focus on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms and Modulation of the Gut Microbiota

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