“…Several subsequent studies have provided empirical support for the utility of the college impact model since its proposal [19,20]. Focusing on the engineering context, several recent surveys performed in the United States have contributed to understand the relationship between college impact model components and engineering undergraduates' core learning outcomes recognized by the Engineer of 2020 report [21], such as contextual competence, fundamental skills, design skills [22], engineering leadership [23,24], interdisciplinary competence [25], teamwork skills, communication skills [24], and ethical development [26]. Following these pioneering studies, it is appropriate to employ the college impact model in the current study to effectively understand sustainability consciousness, which is also deemed an increasingly vital consideration for engineering education around the world [27].…”