Curricular integration of the pharmacists' patient care process

The role of active learning methods in teaching pharmaceutical care – Scoping review

“… Students reported improvement in communication, anamnesis and decision making. Nasser et al (2021) [ 39 ] Lebanese American University, School of Pharmacy/second year pharmacy students Pharmacists' Patient Care Process (PPCP): implementation and control of prescriptions, identification of drug problems, patient education, professional counseling, communication with representatives of other medical professions, preparation and presentation of protocols from the course of patient consultations Case studies, student presentations, role play and minutes writes A survey on the perception of the degree of preparation for running the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process was given to students before and after class and after completing the entire course in the next academic year. It was also filled in by the control group.…”

“… PC aspect Authors Pharmaceutical care for a patient suffering from a specific disease (e.g. diabetes) Benedict & Schonder (2011) [ 22 ] Campbell et al (2012) [ 24 ] Sterrett et al (2012) [ 25 ] Katoue & Al Haqan (2013) [ 26 ] Martinez et al (2017) [ 34 ] Marvanova & Henkel (2018) [ 36 ] Dispensing the prescription in the context of correctness, verification of medical recommendations and detection of drug problems Limberger (2013) [ 27 ] Lucas et al (2013) [ 28 ] Waitzman & Dinkins (2013) [ 31 ] Gossenheimer et al (2017) [ 33 ] Nasser et al (2021) [ 39 ] Patient education (pharmacist as an educator) Lucas et al (2013) [ 28 ] Foppa et al (2021) [ 38 ] Nasser et al (2021) [ 39 ] Faustino et al (2022) [ 40 ] Patients' medicines related needs Mesquita et al (2015) [ 32 ] Faustino et al (2022) [ 40 ] Develop a pharmaceutical care plan Woelfel et al (2011) [ 23 ] Norose (2013) [ 29 ] Geriatric care Woelfel et al (2011) [ 23 ] Cultural competency Prescott & Nobel (2019) [ 37 ] …”

“…This allows to link theory with practice by using the substantive knowledge in solving the presented cases [ 41 ]. Katoue & Al Haqan (2013) [ 26 ] Limberger (2013) [ 27 ] Lucas et al (2013) [ 28 ] Gossenheimer et al (2017) [ 33 ] Marvanova & Henkel (2018) [ 36 ] Nasser et al (2021) [ 39 ] Role play “Role play is a dramatic technique that encourages participants to improvise behaviors illustrating expected actions of persons involved in defined situations” [ 42 ] Sterrett et al (2012) [ 25 ] Katoue & Al Haqan (2013) [ 26 ] Mesquita et al (2015) [ 32 ] Nasser et al (2021) [ 39 ] Simulation High-fidelity experiences that use standardized patients or are conducted in a realistic conditions, e.g. in contact with the real patient [ 42 ] Woelfel et al (2011) [ 23 ] Sterrett et al (2012) [ 25 ] Norose (2013) [ 29 ] Mesquita et al (2015) [ 32 ] Foppa et al (2021) [ 38 ] Virtual exercises “A computer generated display that allows or compels the user (or users) to have a sense of being present in an environment other than the one they are actually in, and to interact with that environment” [ 43 ] Benedict & Schonder (2011) [ 22 ] Gossenheimer et al (2017) [ 33 ] Czepula et al (2018) [ 35 ] Faustino et al (2022) [ 40 ] Educational games “Educational games (or serious games) are specifically designed to teach people about a certain subject, expand concepts, reinforce development, or assist them in drilling or learning a skill or seeking a change of attitude as they play” [ 44 ] Prescott & Nobel (2019) [ 37 ] …”

“…Therefore, at this stage, the choice of this method seems to be adequate to the level of knowledge and students' skills, which is an important criterion in designing curricula [ 42 , 50 ]. In turn, Nasser et al introduced changes to the module called Pharmacists' Patient Care Process in the second year of pharmacy, enriching it with active learning methods such as CBL and role play, and examined their impact on students' sense of readiness to provide services in five aspects of PC immediately after class and after one year after their completion [ 39 ]. Thanks to this, the authors proved that their classes increased students' self-confidence, which lasted for the next year of study in three aspects: prescription validation, interviewing the patient and creating a PC plan.…”

Perspectives of Pharmacy Students on Ethical Issues Related to Artificial Intelligence: A Comprehensive Survey Study

“…To ensure that these competencies are adequately addressed in pharmacy curricula, it is essential to integrate AI and digital health education throughout the pharmacy curriculum rather than treating them as standalone modules [ 31 , 32 ]. Precisely, the integration can align with the Patient Care Process (PCPP) Framework, a foundational model that outlines the steps involved in providing pharmaceutical care [ 33 ]. AI can be incorporated into each stage of the PPCP Framework, from patient assessment and medication selection to monitoring and follow-up, to optimize clinical decision-making and improve patient outcomes.…”