“…Curvature flow in more complex ambient spaces has been treated analytically in e.g. [1,20,37], while numerical approximations have been considered in [6,12,21,55,56,60], for the case of closed curves, and in [16] for the case of open curves. Using the flow along the negative gradient of the total squared geodesic curvature functional to obtain geodesics as long-time limits has been first suggested in a seminal paper by Langer and Singer, [51].…”