First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Thambipillai Srikanthan, for his guidance, help and patience. He has provided me with numerous valuable ideas, insights, and comments throughout the course of this research. He has also been very understanding and supportive. I am very fortunate to have him as my thesis advisor. I also would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Christopher T. Clarke for suggesting several corrections and improvements during many discussions I had with him. And, thanks to Mr. Saurav Bhattacharyya for his helpful suggestions and continuous encouragements. I benefited a lot from them. Special thanks to Mr. Jagadeesh R. George and Mr. Ashish Panda for agreeing to proof read this thesis, in spite of their busy schedule. Their comments and suggestions made a big difference to this thesis. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank all the administrative and supportstaff at the CHiPES. I am especially grateful to Ms. Nah Kiat Joo, Ms. Merilyn Yap and Mr. Chua Chiew Song for all the help, when it mattered most. As always, I am grateful to my family and friends for their tremendous support and encouragement. Especially, I thank my mother and father for all the advice that they have offered me over these years and for motivating me to pursue higher-studies. Many other people contributed to the success of this work and while I would like to acknowledge individually each by name, I would inevitably leave out deserving friends and relatives. I apologize for such omission and convey my respect and admiration to all who contributed to the extraordinary experiences I have been fortunate to enjoy.